http://digitalknowledge.cput.ac.za/bitstream/11189/7476/1/A%20review%20on%20environmental%20monitoring%20of%20water.pdf

A review on environmental monitoring of water organic pollutants identified by EU guidelines

This review examines the large body of toxicological and epidemiological information on human exposures to chlorpyrifos, with an emphasis on the controversial potential for chlorpyrifos to induce n...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10408440802272158

Review of the toxicology of chlorpyrifos with an emphasis on human exposure and neurodevelopment.

Sorption-desorption behaviour of 2,4-dichlorophenol by marine sediments

Pesticides are applied widely to protect plants from disease, weeds and insect damage, and usually come into contact with soil, where they undergo a variety of transformations that provide a complex pattern of metabolites. This article reviews the most relevant analytical methods for determining pesticides and their transformation products in soils. We address some recent advances in sampling and sample-preparation technologies for soil analysis. We discuss and critically evaluate procedures, such as liquid extraction methods (pressurized liquid extraction or microwave-assisted extraction) and solid-phase based methods (headspace solid-phase microextraction, solid-phase microextraction or matrix-solid-phase dispersion). Analysis of pesticides is generally carried out by gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to different detectors, especially to mass spectrometers (MSs). However, alternative and/or complementary methods, using capillary electrophoresis (CE), biosensors and bioassays have emerged recently. We also consider the advantages and the disadvantages of the various methodologies.

Determination of pesticides and their degradation products in soil: critical review and comparison of methods

Solid-phase extraction of phenols.

The urinary excretion rates of diethyl phosphate and diethyl phosphorothioate and changes in blood cholinesterase activities were studied in fifteen persons self-poisoned either by the organophosphorus pesticide quinalphos (twelve persons) or by chlorpyrifos (three persons). The organophosphate poisoning was always indicated by a significant depression of serum and/or red blood cell cholinesterase activities. The return of serum cholinesterase activity in the range of referent values took more than 30 days and had a different course in different persons. The most rapid increase in red blood cell acetylcholinesterase activity was noted within 24 h after the first treatment with oximes Pralidoxime and/or HI-6. None of the spot urine samples, collected daily after admission of persons to hospital, contained measurable quantities of the parent pesticide. There was no correlation between the maximum concentration of total urinary diethylphosphorus metabolites normalized to creatinine and the initial inhibition of blood cholinesterase activities measured in samples collected on the day of admission to hospital. The excretion of metabolites followed the kinetics of a biphasic reaction. The half-time of urinary metabolites concentration decrease in the fast excretion phase in quinalphos poisoned persons was 5.5–14.2 h (eight persons) and 26.8–53.6 h (four persons) and in chlorpyrifos poisoned persons 3.5–5.5 h. The half-time for the slow excretion phase ranged from 66.5 to 127.9 h in all persons and for both compounds. For a given person, the rates of excretion of diethyl phosphate and diethyl phosphorothioate were about the same. However, in quinalphos poisoned persons the proportions of single metabolites in total diethylphosphorus metabolites varied with the initial maximum concentration of total metabolites. Simultaneous determination of both metabolites gave a more reliable and sensitive confirmation of absorption and retention of quinalphos and chlorpyrifos in the body.

Urinary excretion of diethylphosphorus metabolites in persons poisoned by quinalphos or chlorpyrifos

Chlorpyrifos metabolites in serum and urine of poisoned persons.

The frequency and mass concentrations of 13 herbicide micropollutants (triazines, phenylureas, chloroacetanilides and trifluralin) were investigated during 2014 in surface, ground and drinking waters in the area of the city of Zagreb and its suburbs. Herbicide compounds were accumulated from water by solid-phase extraction using either octadecylsilica or styrene-divinylbenzene sorbent cartridges and analysed either by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV-diode array detector or gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Atrazine was the most frequently detected herbicide in drinking (84 % of samples) and ground (61 % of samples) waters in mass concentrations of 5 to 68 ng L−1. It was followed by metolachlor and terbuthylazine, the former being detected in 54 % of drinking (up to 15 ng L−1) and 23 % of ground (up to 100 ng L−1) waters, and the latter in 45 % of drinking (up to 20 ng L−1) and 26 % of ground (up to 25 ng L−1) water samples. Acetochlor was the fourth most abundant herbicide in drinking waters, detected in 32 % of samples. Its mass concentrations of 107 to 117 ng L−1 in three tap water samples were the highest of all herbicides measured in the drinking waters. The most frequently (62 % of samples) and highly (up to 887 ng L−1) detected herbicide in surface waters was metolachlor, followed by terbuthylazine detected in 49 % of samples in mass concentrations of up to 690 ng L−1, and atrazine detected in 30 % of samples in mass concentrations of up to 18 ng L−1. The seasonal variations in herbicide concentrations in surface waters were observed for terbuthylazine, metolachlor, acetochlor, chlortoluron and isoproturon with the highest concentrations measured from April to August.

Herbicide micropollutants in surface, ground and drinking waters within and near the area of Zagreb, Croatia

Ninety-seven agricultural workers were monitored for absorption of the organophosphorus pesticides methidathion, vamidothion, and azinphos-methyl, which were sprayed in an orchard during two seasons. Low levels of only one dialkylphosphorus metabolite (dimethyl phosphorothioate) were found in only eight workers in pre-exposure urine samples. More than one dialkylphosphorus metabolite was detected in almost all exposed individuals in after-exposure urine samples. The highest concentrations were measured after exposure to azinphos-methyl; the median concentrations of dimethyl phosphorodithioate and dimethyl phosphorothioate were 0.92 and 0.78 nmol/mg creatinine with a concentration range up to 14.3 and 53.7, respectively. Three diethylphosphorus metabolites were also detected in some samples, but at lower concentrations. Cholinesterase activities were decreased (31–48%) in the serum of 12 workers; four of those workers had no dialkylphosphorus metabolites in the urine. Paraoxonase and arylesterase activities in the serum were unaffected by the absorption of pesticides, and there was no correlation between the activities of these esterases and the metabolite concentrations in the urine. This study confirmed that dialkylphosphorus metabolites in the urine are a more sensitive index of absorption than cholinesterase inhibition in the serum but lack of correlation between cholinesterase inhibition and metabolite concentration indicates that both parameters should be monitored.

Dialkylphosphorus metabolites in the urine and activities of esterases in the serum as biochemical indices for human absorption of organophosphorus pesticides.

Vlasta Drevenkar

Papers

Urinary excretion of diethylphosphorus metabolites in persons poisoned by quinalphos or chlorpyrifos

Chlorpyrifos metabolites in serum and urine of poisoned persons.

Herbicide micropollutants in surface, ground and drinking waters within and near the area of Zagreb, Croatia

Dialkylphosphorus metabolites in the urine and activities of esterases in the serum as biochemical indices for human absorption of organophosphorus pesticides.

Distribution of terbuthylazine and atrazine residues in crop-cultivated soil: The effect of herbicide application rate on herbicide persistence