The contamination of foods and feed with mycotoxins is a commonly known problem. Intense investigations have been conducted to study the occurrence, toxicity, and recently also the prevention and detoxification strategies of mycotoxins in human and animal food chains. Most of the studies have emphasized on "traditional" mycotoxins, such as aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and trichothecenes. However, one of the most common grain-contaminating genus of fungi, Fusarium spp., is also capable of producing other toxic secondary metabolites - the so-called emerging mycotoxins such as fusaproliferin, beauvericin, enniatins, and moniliformin. So far, only limited data is available on these metabolites. This is not only due to their late recognition but especially the late understanding of their role as mycotoxins. This paper summarizes the existing data on the chemistry, analytical techniques, biosynthesis, production, toxicity, and occurrence data on fusaproliferin, beauvericin, enniatins, and moniliformin. Based on the available studies, attention should be paid to the studies on the distinct significance of these compounds in the human and animal food chains.

Emerging Fusarium -Mycotoxins Fusaproliferin, Beauvericin, Enniatins, And Moniliformin—A Review

Enantioselective determination by capillary electrophoresis with cyclodextrins as chiral selectors.

Since ochratoxin A (OTA) was discovered, it has been ubiquitous as a natural contaminant of moldy food and feed. The multiple toxic effects of OTA are a real threat for human beings and animal health. For example, OTA can cause porcine nephropathy but can also damage poultries. Humans exposed to OTA can develop (notably by inhalation in the development of acute renal failure within 24 h) a range of chronic disorders such as upper urothelial carcinoma. OTA plays the main role in the pathogenesis of some renal diseases including Balkan endemic nephropathy, kidney tumors occurring in certain endemic regions of the Balkan Peninsula, and chronic interstitial nephropathy occurring in Northern African countries and likely in other parts of the world. OTA leads to DNA adduct formation, which is known for its genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. The present article discusses how renal carcinogenicity and nephrotoxicity cause both oxidative stress and direct genotoxicity. Careful analyses of the data show that OTA carcinogenic effects are due to combined direct and indirect mechanisms (e.g., genotoxicity, oxidative stress, epigenetic factors). Altogether this provides strong evidence that OTA carcinogenicity can also occur in humans.

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/8/7/191/pdf

Ochratoxin A: 50 Years of Research

Chiral separation principles in capillary electrophoresis

Together with a brief history of the development of simultaneous distillation–extraction (SDE), this review intends to provide the reader with practical guidelines that can be drawn from the literature, and to help the analyst in the choice of optimum experimental conditions adapted to a given sample preparation problem. This paper starts from the original apparatus of Likens and Nickerson, includes designs for micro-scale experiments, and ends up with the version operating under vacuum, and another for large-scale operations. The question of artifact formation is covered, together with proposed solutions for their prevention. Examples are given from applications in the field of flavours, fragrances and the environment. To better illustrate capabilities and limits of SDE, comparisons of SDE with other techniques of sample preparation are presented. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Simultaneous distillation–extraction: from birth to maturity—review

Enantioselective capillary electrophoresis of amino acid derivatives on cyclodextrin evaluation of structure-resolution relationships

A comparison is made of simultaneous steam distillation-solvent extraction (SDE) with two other preconcentration techniques, soxhlet extraction (SE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) used for the determination of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in soil and oleaginous matrices. The effects of several experimental factors such as process time, vapor flow, analyte concentration, sample amount, and the addition of codistillant solvents on the pesticide recovery by SDE have been studied and compared to a theoretical model

Universal sample enrichment technique for organochlorine pesticides in environmental and biological samples using a redesigned simultaneous steam distillation-solvent extraction apparatus

The separation of the mycotoxins ochratoxin A, ochratoxin B, zearalenone and moniliformin by standard capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and cyclodextrins modified CE is described. In addition, reversed electroosmotic flow (EOF) conditions via quarternary ammonium running buffer additives have been briefly examined. Parameters influencing selectivity and mobility as well as spectroscopic properties of the analytes have also been investigated. Separations performed at pH values from 5 to 11 show a marked pH dependency of the mobilities accompanied by pronounced shifts of the UV/VIS and/or fluorescence spectra of the compounds. In general, the on-line recording of spectra by diodearray detection (DAD), proved to be highly versatile for peak tracking simultaneously with the structure elucidation and thus for the optimization of sample introduction, peak resolution and detection conditions.

Volker. Seidel

Papers

Enantioselective capillary electrophoresis of amino acid derivatives on cyclodextrin evaluation of structure-resolution relationships

Universal sample enrichment technique for organochlorine pesticides in environmental and biological samples using a redesigned simultaneous steam distillation-solvent extraction apparatus

Analysis of selected mycotoxins by capillary electrophoresis