1. Plant Nutrients. 2. The Soil as a Plant Nutrient Medium. 3. Nutrient Uptake and Assimilation. 4. Plant Water Relationships. 5. Plant Growth and Crop Production. 6. Fertilizer Application. 7. Nitrogen. 8. Sulphur. 9. Phosphorus. 10. Potassium. 11. Calcium. 12. Magnesium. 13. Iron. 14. Manganese. 15. Zinc. 16. Copper. 17. Molybdenum. 18. Boron. 19. Further Elements of Importance. 20. Elements with More Toxic Effects. General Readings. References. Index.

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Principles of plant nutrition

Physiological Parameter Values for Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models

‘Water is life,’ so central to human life, yet over one billion people across the world have no access to safe drinking water. Of late, there has been increasing global attention focused on resolving water quality problems especially in developing countries, as the lack of access to clean water denies the most essential of all rights, the right to life. The latest estimates suggest that around 200 million people, from among 25 nations the world over, are under the dreadful fate of fluorosis. India and China, the two most populous countries of the world, are the worst affected. India is plagued with numerous water quality problems due to prolific contaminants mainly of geogenic origin and fluoride stands first among them. The weathering of primary rocks and leaching of fluoride-containing minerals in soils yield fluoride rich groundwater in India which is generally associated with low calcium content and high bicarbonate ions. The unfettered ground water tapping exacerbates the failure of drinking water so...

Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Review on the Status and Stress Effects

Organ cultures of newborn mouse calvaria were used to test the hypothesis that tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase might serve as a biochemical marker for osteoclast function. When bone resorption was stimulated in vitro with either parathyroid hormone or 1,25(OH)2D3, there was a significant increase in both tartrate-resistant and tartrate-sensitivity acid phosphatase activity in the medium relative to cultured controls. Tartrate-resistant activity was localized histochemically primarily over the osteoclast and appeared as three distinct activity bands when electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gels. The tartrate-sensitive activity was found primarily associated with bone cells other than the osteoclast using histochemical techniques, and was resolved into five bands on polyacrylamide gels. The results obtained from biochemical assays, histochemical observations, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggest that bone resorption in vitro results in the release of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase from osteoclasts and tartrate-sensitive acid phosphatase from other bone cells as well as osteoclasts. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatases of bone may be suitable biochemical probes for osteoclasts function, but it will be necessary to achieve further purification in order to develop analytical methods with sufficient sensitivity and specificity (e.g., immunochemical) to ensure precise localization and quantitation.

Bone acid phosphatase: Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase as a marker of osteoclast function

Physiologically based pharmacokinetics and the risk assessment process for methylene chloride

SummaryA combined dissection and chemical approach to the problem of determining tissue weights has been described. It allows the exact determination of total muscle mass and supportive tissue weight in a fraction of the time required by the complete dissection approach. It also provides estimates of the total marrow weight and the fresh weight of the connective tissue, which are difficult to obtain in any other manner.

Tissue weights of the rat. I. Normal values determined by dissection and chemical methods.

Determination of fluoride in bone with the fluoride electrode.

The principle of fluoride determination by diffusion of hydrogen fluoride in Conway-type cells made of polypropylene has been applied to the determination of fluoride in plasma, liver, muscle, calcified tissues, urine, and saliva. Methods for preparation of the low fluoride containing biological specimens by precipitation of proteins with perchloric acid and analysis of the supernatant liquid are described. The results of fluoride analyses by diffusion compare well with those obtained by microdistillation. The diffusion method for fluoride analysis is more simple than distillation procedures.

Determination of fluoride procedure based upon diffusion of hydrogen fluoride

One mg fluoride labeled with radiofluoride was ingested by each of 2 adult humans. Observations of renal clearance of fluoride, chlonide, and creatinine were made. Fluoride clearance always exceeded chloride clearance by many fold and increased with urine flow, but fluoride clearance was always less than creatinine clearance. Renal tubules in 2 individuals, reabsorbed respectively 5l and 63% of fluoride in the glomerular filtrate which indicates a net process of glomerular filtration with a variable amount of tubular reabsorption. Plasma contnined 72% of whole blood radiofluoride and radiofluoride concentration of plasma exceeded that of parotid gland saliva. Measurement of uptake and release of the radioisotope by soft tissues and by the skeleton showed characteristic differences of radiofluoride retention in these tissues. Skeletal tissues retained the isotope but soft tissues lost nearly all their activity within 4 hours after ingestion. (auth)

W. D. Armstrong

Papers

Tissue weights of the rat. I. Normal values determined by dissection and chemical methods.

Determination of fluoride in bone with the fluoride electrode.

Determination of fluoride procedure based upon diffusion of hydrogen fluoride

Distribution and excretion of radiofluoride in the human.

Determination of Fluoride in Blood Serum