The utilization of marine-based collagen is growing fast due to its unique properties in comparison with mammalian-based collagen such as no risk of transmitting diseases, a lack of religious constraints, a cost-effective process, low molecular weight, biocompatibility, and its easy absorption by the human body. This article presents an overview of the recent studies from 2014 to 2020 conducted on collagen extraction from marine-based materials, in particular fish by-products. The fish collagen structure, extraction methods, characterization, and biomedical applications are presented. More specifically, acetic acid and deep eutectic solvent (DES) extraction methods for marine collagen isolation are described and compared. In addition, the effect of the extraction parameters (temperature, acid concentration, extraction time, solid-to-liquid ratio) on the yield of collagen is investigated. Moreover, biomaterials engineering and therapeutic applications of marine collagen have been summarized.

Fish Collagen: Extraction, Characterization, and Applications for Biomaterials Engineering.

Liposomes for delivery of antioxidants in cosmeceuticals: Challenges and development strategies.

Curcumin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles were synthesised and evaluated in vitro for enhanced transdermal delivery. Zetasizer® characterisation of three different formulations of curcumin nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) showed the size ranged from 167.3 ± 3.8 nm to 251.5 ± 5.8 nm, the polydispersity index (PDI) values were between 0.26 and 0.46 and the zeta potential values were positive (+ 18.1 to + 20.2 mV). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images supported this size data and confirmed the spherical shape of the nanoparticles. All the formulations showed excellent entrapment efficiency above 80%. FTIR results demonstrate the interaction between chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) and confirm the presence of curcumin in the nanoparticle. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies of Cu-NPs indicate the presence of curcumin in a disordered crystalline or amorphous state, suggesting the interaction between the drug and the polymer. Drug release studies showed an improved drug release at pH 5.0 than in pH 7.4 and followed a zero order kinetics. The in vitro permeation studies through Strat-M® membrane demonstrated an enhanced permeation of Cu-NPs compared to aqueous curcumin solution (p ˂ 0.05) having a flux of 0.54 ± 0.03 μg cm−2 h−1 and 0.44 ± 0.03 μg cm−2 h−1 corresponding to formulations 5:1 and 3:1, respectively. The cytotoxicity assay on human keratinocyte (HaCat) cells showed enhanced percentage cell viability of Cu-NPs compared to curcumin solution. Cu-NPs developed in this study exhibit superior drug release and enhanced transdermal permeation of curcumin and superior percentage cell viability. Further ex vivo and in vivo evaluations will be conducted to support these findings.

An Evaluation of Curcumin-Encapsulated Chitosan Nanoparticles for Transdermal Delivery

Transdermal drug delivery systems have become an intriguing research topic in pharmaceutical technology area and one of the most frequently developed pharmaceutical products in global market. The use of these systems can overcome associated drawbacks of other delivery routes, such as oral and parenteral. The authors will review current trends, and future applications of transdermal technologies, with specific focus on providing a comprehensive understanding of transdermal drug delivery systems and enhancement strategies. This article will initially discuss each transdermal enhancement method used in the development of first-generation transdermal products. These methods include drug/vehicle interactions, vesicles and particles, stratum corneum modification, energy-driven methods and stratum corneum bypassing techniques. Through suitable design and implementation of active stratum corneum bypassing methods, notably microneedle technology, transdermal delivery systems have been shown to deliver both low and high molecular weight drugs. Microneedle technology platforms have proven themselves to be more versatile than other transdermal systems with opportunities for intradermal delivery of drugs/biotherapeutics and therapeutic drug monitoring. These have shown that microneedles have been a prospective strategy for improving transdermal delivery systems.

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Enhancement strategies for transdermal drug delivery systems: current trends and applications.

The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a curcumin (Cur) nanoemulsion (NE) and enhance transdermal drug delivery. The comparative effects of Cur-NE were evaluated in terms of wound healing and anti-inflammatory action. Clove oil (oil), Tween-80 (surfactant), and PEG-400 (co-surfactant) were selected on the basis of their solubility and maximum nanoemulsion region. An aqueous micro-titration method with high-energy ultrasonication was used for the preparation of Cur-NE. This method was optimized to find the best NE, followed by a five-factor, three-level, central composite design. % oil, % Smix, ultrasonication time (min), ultrasonication intensity (%), and temperature (°C) were selected and optimized as independent variables. The optimized NE had parameters of 5.0% oil, 10% Smix, ultrasonication time (10 min), 40% ultrasonication intensity and 50 °C temperature, which were applied as independent and dependent variables. On the basis of experimental data of the dependent variables, we calculated a hydrodynamic diameter of 93.64 ± 6.48 nm, transmittance of 98.64 ± 0.37%, and PDI of 0.263 ± 0.021. TEM and SEM results revealed the smooth and spherical shape of the particles in the NE, with a zeta potential of −11.67 ± 0.11, refractive index of 1.71 ± 0.034, viscosity of 37 ± 7 cp, pH of 7.4 ± 0.07, and drug content of 98.11 ± 0.16% for the optimized Cur-NE. Cur-NE optimization with clove oil, Tween-80, and PEG-400 might be useful for enhancing the skin permeation of Cur. In conclusion, Cur-NE played a significant role in wound healing and exhibited anti-inflammatory effects, demonstrating its potential as a nanoformulation for safe and nontoxic transdermal delivery.

/pdf/preparation-of-a-novel-curcumin-nanoemulsion-by-3cjmxv2ccl.pdf

Preparation of a novel curcumin nanoemulsion by ultrasonication and its comparative effects in wound healing and the treatment of inflammation

Curcumin loaded ethosomes for transdermal application: Formulation, optimization, in-vitro and in-vivo study

The objective of the present investigation was to formulate curcumin loaded fish scale collagen (FSC)-hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC K100) nanogel (CNG) for wound healing application. The cur...

Curcumin loaded fish scale collagen-HPMC nanogel for wound healing application: Ex-vivo and In-vivo evaluation

Pellets containing quercetin amino acid co-amorphous mixture for the treatment of pain: Formulation, optimization, in-vitro and in-vivo study

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate nanoemulsion-based gel (nanogel) for transdermal delivery of ketoprofen. Among the various excipients tested, oleic acid, tween 80 and ethanol were selected as oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant respectively. Methods: The nanoemulsions region was identified by constructing pseudo-ternary phase diagrams using aqueous phase titration. The prepared nanoemulsion was subjected to different thermodynamic stability study and the nanoemulsion that passed thermodynamic stability tests were evaluated for viscosity, refractive index, droplet size, transmission electron microscopy, and ex-vivo permeation study using human cadaver skin. Results: On the basis of evaluation C1 formulation, which consists of 3.09 % wt/wt of the oil phase, 60.54 % wt/wt of Smix and 36.36 % wt/wt of distilled water were selected as an optimized formulation and were converted to nanogel using chitosan as a gelling agent. Nanogel was evaluated for ex-vivo and in vivo study. The nanogel showed a significant increase in the anti-inflammatory activity as compared to conventional gel. Conclusion: In conclusion, nanogel could be a promising system to improve transdermal delivery of the ketoprofen.

/pdf/formulation-and-evaluation-of-ketoprofen-loaded-chitosan-2e5yg4qgd0.pdf

Wahid Ambekar

Papers

Curcumin loaded ethosomes for transdermal application: Formulation, optimization, in-vitro and in-vivo study

Curcumin loaded fish scale collagen-HPMC nanogel for wound healing application: Ex-vivo and In-vivo evaluation

Pellets containing quercetin amino acid co-amorphous mixture for the treatment of pain: Formulation, optimization, in-vitro and in-vivo study

Formulation and evaluation of ketoprofen loaded chitosan nanogel for pain management: Ex-vivo and In-vivo study

Terbinafine hydrochloride nanoemulsion gel for transdermal delivery in fungal infection: Ex-vivo and In-vivo evaluation