자연주의적 탐구조사(Naturalistic Inquiry)

Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques

How has Japan become a major economic power, a world leader in the automotive and electronics industries? What is the secret of their success? The consensus has been that, though the Japanese are not particularly innovative, they are exceptionally skilful at imitation, at improving products that already exist. But now two leading Japanese business experts, Ikujiro Nonaka and Hiro Takeuchi, turn this conventional wisdom on its head: Japanese firms are successful, they contend, precisely because they are innovative, because they create new knowledge and use it to produce successful products and technologies. Examining case studies drawn from such firms as Honda, Canon, Matsushita, NEC, 3M, GE, and the U.S. Marines, this book reveals how Japanese companies translate tacit to explicit knowledge and use it to produce new processes, products, and services.

The knowledge-creating company : how Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation

Knowledge Management

IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence

A persistent problem in the management of response to disasters is the lack of co-ordination between the various agencies involved. This paper reports a case study of inter-agency co-ordination during the response to a railway accident in the UK. The case study examined two potential sources of difficulty for co-ordination: first, poorly shared mental models; and, second, a possible conflict between the requirements of distributed decision-making and the nature of individual decision-making. Interviews were conducted with six individuals from three response agencies. Analysis of reported events suggested that inter-agency co-ordination suffered through a widespread difficulty in constructing a reflexive shared mental model; that is, a shared mental representation of the distributed decision-making process itself, and its participants. This difficulty may be an inherent problem in the flexible development of temporary multi-agency organizations. The analysis focused on a distributed decision over how to transport casualties from an isolated location to hospital. This decision invoked a technique identified here as the progression of multiple options, which contrasts with both recognition-primed and analytical models of individual decision-making. The progression of multiple options appeared to be an effective technique for dealing with uncertainty, but was a further source of difficulty for inter-agency co-ordination.

A case study of co-ordinative decision-making in disaster management

Purpose – Many methodologies exist to assess the security risks associated with unauthorized leakage, modification and interruption of information used by organisations. This paper argues that these methodologies have a traditional orientation towards the identification and assessment of technical information assets. This obscures key risks associated with the cultivation and deployment of organisational knowledge. The purpose of this paper is to explore how security risk assessment methods can more effectively identify and treat the knowledge associated with business processes.Design/methodology/approach – The argument was developed through an illustrative case study in which a well‐documented traditional methodology is applied to a complex data backup process. Follow‐up interviews were conducted with the organisation's security managers to explore the results of the assessment and the nature of knowledge “assets” within a business process.Findings – It was discovered that the backup process depended, in...

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Incorporating a knowledge perspective into security risk assessments

This paper presents findings from a study of boardgamers which stress the importance of the materiality of modern boardgames. It demonstrates that materiality is one of four significant factors in the player experience of tabletop gaming and describes four domains of materiality in boardgaming settings. Further, building on understanding of non-use in HCI, it presents boardgames as a unique situation of parallel use, in which users simultaneously engage with a single game in both digital and material, non-digital environments.

"I Love All the Bits": The Materiality of Boardgames

Animal conservation organisations occasionally harness depictions of animals using digital technology to inspire interest in, and concern for animals. To better understand the forms of empathy experienced by people observing animal-computer interaction, we designed and studied an interactive installation for orangutans at a zoo. Through collaborative design we established an understanding of zoos' objectives and strategies related to empathy in the zoo context. We deployed a prototype installation, and observed and interviewed visitors who watched orangutans use the installation. Analysis of observations and interviews revealed that visitors responded with cognitive, affective and motor empathy for the animals. We propose that these empathetic responses are prompted by the visibility of orangutans' bodily movements, by the "anthropic frame" provided by digital technology, and by prompting reflection on animals' cognitive processes and affective states. This paper contributes new evidence and understanding of people's empathetic responses to observing animal-computer interaction and confirms the value of designing for empathy in its various forms

Kinecting with Orangutans: Zoo Visitors' Empathetic Responses to Animals' Use of Interactive Technology

Information security risk assessments (ISRAs) are of great importance for organisations Current ISRA methods identify an organisation's security risks and provide a measured, analysed security risk profile of critical information assets in order to build plans to treat risk However, despite prevalent use in organisations today, current methods adopt a limited view of information assets during risk identification In the context of day-to-day activities, people copy, print and discuss information, leading to the 'leakage' of information assets Employees will create and use unofficial assets as part of their day-to-day routines Furthermore, employees will also possess important knowledge on how to perform their functions within a business process or information system These are all elements of business 'practice', a perspective that would yield a richer and holistic understanding of an organisation's information assets and vulnerabilities This perspective is not captured by traditional ISRA methods, leading to an incomplete view of an organisation's information systems and processes that could prove detrimental and damaging This paper hence suggests that a business practice perspective be incorporated into ISRA methods in order to identify information leakage, unofficial, critical information assets and critical process knowledge of organisations

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Wally Smith

Papers

A case study of co-ordinative decision-making in disaster management

Incorporating a knowledge perspective into security risk assessments

"I Love All the Bits": The Materiality of Boardgames

Kinecting with Orangutans: Zoo Visitors' Empathetic Responses to Animals' Use of Interactive Technology

Information Security Risk Assessment: Towards a Business Practice Perspective