Researchers must find a sustainable way of providing the power our modern lifestyles demand.

Building better batteries

Electrochemical capacitors, also called supercapacitors, store energy using either ion adsorption (electrochemical double layer capacitors) or fast surface redox reactions (pseudo-capacitors). They can complement or replace batteries in electrical energy storage and harvesting applications, when high power delivery or uptake is needed. A notable improvement in performance has been achieved through recent advances in understanding charge storage mechanisms and the development of advanced nanostructured materials. The discovery that ion desolvation occurs in pores smaller than the solvated ions has led to higher capacitance for electrochemical double layer capacitors using carbon electrodes with subnanometre pores, and opened the door to designing high-energy density devices using a variety of electrolytes. Combination of pseudo-capacitive nanomaterials, including oxides, nitrides and polymers, with the latest generation of nanostructured lithium electrodes has brought the energy density of electrochemical capacitors closer to that of batteries. The use of carbon nanotubes has further advanced micro-electrochemical capacitors, enabling flexible and adaptable devices to be made. Mathematical modelling and simulation will be the key to success in designing tomorrow's high-energy and high-power devices.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02417326/document

Materials for electrochemical capacitors

The increasing interest in energy storage for the grid can be attributed to multiple factors, including the capital costs of managing peak demands, the investments needed for grid reliability, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Although existing energy storage is dominated by pumped hydroelectric, there is the recognition that battery systems can offer a number of high-value opportunities, provided that lower costs can be obtained. The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.

Electrical Energy Storage for the Grid: A Battery of Choices

The challenges for further development of Li rechargeable batteries for electric vehicles are reviewed. Most important is safety, which requires development of a nonflammable electrolyte with either a larger window between its lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) or a constituent (or additive) that can develop rapidly a solid/ electrolyte-interface (SEI) layer to prevent plating of Li on a carbon anode during a fast charge of the battery. A high Li-ion conductivity (σ Li > 10 ―4 S/cm) in the electrolyte and across the electrode/ electrolyte interface is needed for a power battery. Important also is an increase in the density of the stored energy, which is the product of the voltage and capacity of reversible Li insertion/extraction into/from the electrodes. It will be difficult to design a better anode than carbon, but carbon requires formation of an SEI layer, which involves an irreversible capacity loss. The design of a cathode composed of environmentally benign, low-cost materials that has its electrochemical potential μ C well-matched to the HOMO of the electrolyte and allows access to two Li atoms per transition-metal cation would increase the energy density, but it is a daunting challenge. Two redox couples can be accessed where the cation redox couples are "pinned" at the top of the O 2p bands, but to take advantage of this possibility, it must be realized in a framework structure that can accept more than one Li atom per transition-metal cation. Moreover, such a situation represents an intrinsic voltage limit of the cathode, and matching this limit to the HOMO of the electrolyte requires the ability to tune the intrinsic voltage limit. Finally, the chemical compatibility in the battery must allow a long service life.

Challenges for Rechargeable Li Batteries

New materials hold the key to fundamental advances in energy conversion and storage, both of which are vital in order to meet the challenge of global warming and the finite nature of fossil fuels. Nanomaterials in particular offer unique properties or combinations of properties as electrodes and electrolytes in a range of energy devices. This review describes some recent developments in the discovery of nanoelectrolytes and nanoelectrodes for lithium batteries, fuel cells and supercapacitors. The advantages and disadvantages of the nanoscale in materials design for such devices are highlighted.

https://img62.chem17.com/1/20140715/635410323829886334962.pdf

Nanostructured materials for advanced energy conversion and storage devices

Introduction B. Scrosati, W.A. van Schalkwijk. 1. The Role of Surface Films on Electrodes in Li-Ion Batteries D. Aurbach. 2. Carbon Anodes Z. Ogumi, M. Inaba. 3. Manganese Vanadates and Molybdates as Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries M. Wakihara, et al. 4. Oxide Cathodes J.B. Goodenough. 5. Liquid Electrolytes J.-i. Yamaki. 6. Ionic Liquids for Lithium-Ion and Related Batteries A. Webber, G.E. Blomgren. 7. Lithium-Ion Secondary Batteries with Gelled Polymer Electrolytes Y. Nishi. 8. Lithium Polymer Electrolytes B. Scrosati. 9. Lithium-Ion Cell Production Processes R.J. Brodd, K. Tagawa. 10. Low-Voltage Lithium-Ion Cells B. Scrosati. 11. Temperature Effects on Li-Ion Cell Performance M. Salomon, et al. 12. Mathematical Modeling of Lithium Batteries K.E. Thomas, et al. 13. Aging Mechanisms and Calendar-Life Predictions M. Broussely. 14. Scale-Up of Lithium-Ion Cells and Batteries R. Spotnitz. 15. Charging, Monitoring and Control W.A. van Schalkwijk. 16. Advances in Electrochemical Supercapacitors M. Mastragostino. Index.

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Advances in lithium-ion batteries

CONTRIBUTORS vii PREFACE ix CHAPTER 1 ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS: BASICS 1 Hubert Gasteiger, Katharina Krischer, and Bruno Scrosati CHAPTER 2 LITHIUM BATTERIES: FROM EARLY STAGES TO THE FUTURE 21 Bruno Scrosati CHAPTER 3 ADDITIVES IN ORGANIC ELECTROLYTES FOR LITHIUM BATTERIES 39 Susanne Wilken, Patrik Johansson, and Per Jacobsson CHAPTER 4 ELECTROLYTES FOR LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES WITH HIGH-VOLTAGE CATHODES 71 Mengqing Xu, Swapnil Dalavi, and Brett L. Lucht CHAPTER 5 CORE SHELL STRUCTURE CATHODE MATERIALS FOR RECHARGEABLE LITHIUM BATTERIES 89 Seung-Taek Myung, Amine Khalil, and Yang-Kook Sun CHAPTER 6 PROBLEMS AND EXPECTANCY IN LITHIUM BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES 107 K. Kanamura CHAPTER 7 FLUORINE-BASED POLYANIONIC COMPOUNDS FOR HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRODE MATERIALS 127 P. Barpanda and J.-M. Tarascon CHAPTER 8 LITHIUM AIR AND OTHER BATTERIES BEYOND LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES 161 K. M. Abraham CHAPTER 9 AQUEOUS LITHIUM AIR SYSTEMS 191 Owen Crowther and Mark Salomon CHAPTER 10 POLYMER ELECTROLYTES FOR LITHIUM AIR BATTERIES 217 Nobuyuki Imanishi and Osamu Yamamoto CHAPTER 11 KINETICS OF THE OXYGEN ELECTRODE IN LITHIUM AIR CELLS 233 Michele Piana, Nikolaos Tsiouvaras, and Juan Herranz CHAPTER 12 LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES AND SUPERCAPACITORS FOR USE IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES 265 Catia Arbizzani, Libero Damen, Mariachiara Lazzari, Francesca Soavi, and Marina Mastragostino CHAPTER 13 Li4Ti5O12 FOR HIGH-POWER, LONG-LIFE, AND SAFE LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES 277 Zonghai Chen, I. Belharouak, Yang-Kook Sun, and Khalil Amine CHAPTER 14 SAFE LITHIIUM RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES BASED ON IONIC LIQUIDS 291 A. Guerfi, A. Vijh, and K. Zaghib CHAPTER 15 ELECTROLYTIC SOLUTIONS FOR RECHARGEABLE MAGNESIUM BATTERIES 327 Y. Gofer, N. Pour, and D. Aurbach CHAPTER 16 RECHARGEABLE SODIUM AND SODIUM-ION BATTERIES 349 K. M. Abraham INDEX 369

Lithium Batteries: Advanced Technologies and Applications

Portable power applications continue to drive research and development of advanced battery systems. Often, the extra energy content and considerations of portability have outweighed economics when a system is considered. This has been true of lithium battery technologies for the past thirty years and for lithium ion battery systems, which evolved from the early lithium battery development. In recent years, the need for portable power has accelerated due to the miniaturization of electronic appliances where in some cases the battery system is as much as half the weight and volume of the powered device.

Walter van Schalkwijk

Papers

Nanostructured materials for advanced energy conversion and storage devices

Advances in lithium-ion batteries

Lithium Batteries: Advanced Technologies and Applications

Advances in Lithium Ion Batteries Introduction

Charging, Monitoring, and Control