Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are among the most emerging technologies, thanks to their great capabilities and their ever growing range of applications. However, the lifetime of WSNs is extremely restricted due to the delimited energy capacity of their sensor nodes. This is why energy conservation is considered as the most important research concern for WSNs. Radio communication is the utmost energy consuming function in a WSN. Thus, energy efficient routing is necessitated to save energy and thus prolong the lifetime of WSNs. For this reason, numerous protocols for energy efficient routing in WSNs have been proposed. This article offers an analytical and up to date survey on the protocols of this kind. The classic and modern protocols presented are categorized, depending on i) how the network is structured, ii) how data are exchanged, iii) whether location information is or not used, and iv) whether Quality of Service (QoS) or multiple paths are or not supported. In each distinct category, protocols are both described and compared in terms of specific performance metrics, while their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Finally, the study findings are discussed, concluding remarks are drawn, and open research issues are indicated.

https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/13/3/72/pdf

Energy Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Comprehensive Survey

The relentless development of the Internet of Things (IoT) communication technologies and the gradual maturity of Artificial Intelligence (AI) have led to a powerful cognitive computing ability. Users can now access efficient and convenient smart services in smart-city, green-IoT and heterogeneous networks. AI has been applied in various areas, including the intelligent household, advanced health-care, automatic driving and emotional interactions. This paper focuses on current wireless-communication technologies, including cellular-communication technologies (4G, 5G), low-power wide-area (LPWA) technologies with an unlicensed spectrum (LoRa, SigFox), and other LPWA technologies supported by 3GPP working with an authorized spectrum (EC-GSM, LTE-M, NB-IoT). We put forward a cognitive low-power wide-area-network (Cognitive-LPWAN) architecture to safeguard stable and efficient communications in a heterogeneous IoT. To ensure that the user can employ the AI efficiently and conveniently, we realize a variety of LPWA technologies to safeguard the network layer. In addition, to balance the demand for heterogeneous IoT devices with the communication delay and energy consumption, we put forward the AI-enabled LPWA hybrid method, starting from the perspective of traffic control. The AI algorithm provides the smart control of wireless-communication technology, intelligent applications and services for the choice of different wireless-communication technologies. As an example, we consider the AIWAC emotion interaction system, build the Cognitive-LPWAN and test the proposed AI-enabled LPWA hybrid method. The experimental results show that our scheme can meet the demands of communication-delay applications. Cognitive-LPWAN selects appropriate communication technologies to achieve a better interaction experience.

Cognitive-LPWAN: Towards Intelligent Wireless Services in Hybrid Low Power Wide Area Networks

Hybrid based cluster head selection for maximizing network lifetime and energy efficiency in WSN

Internet of Things (IoT) as a novel paradigm is an environment with a vast number of connected things and applications. The IoT devices are used to generate data, which transforms into useable information and provides applied resources to end-users and this process is the main goal of IoT. Therefore, one of the important subjects in the IoT is resource allocation which aims is load balancing and minimizing operational cost, and power consuming. In addition, the resources should be allocated in such a way to be a balanced efficiency that can increase the system performance, Quality of Service (QoS) and Service Level Agreement (SLA). Although the resource allocation is very important in the IoT, there is no systematic review in this field. Therefore, in this paper, a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) is provided and the resources allocation methods in the IoT and used algorithms are investigated. Different classification, including cost-aware, context-aware, efficiency-aware, load-balancing-aware, power-aware, QoS-aware, SLA-based and utilization-aware resource allocation mechanisms are organized to investigate the resource allocation techniques. We present several parameters and describe them in each category. In addition, the used parameters in different articles are evaluated and the major developments in each category are surveyed and are outlined the new challenges. Furthermore, an SLR is provided in each of these eight categories. In this paper, a structure of different technical keys in the scope of resource allocation in the IoT and its platforms are presented and the important areas for improving the resource allocation methods in the future is highlighted and the open issues about resource allocation in IoT to achieve a better utilization of this technology are focused. The future direction is useful for academic researchers that work on IoT. This study shows that an independent technique does not exist to address all issues and challenges in resource allocation for IoT.

Resource allocation mechanisms and approaches on the Internet of Things

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have great potential in the application of partition parameter observation; however, the high correlation with applications makes WSNs working in specific environments require specific work patterns. In this article, a hybrid multihop partition-based clustering (HMPBC) routing protocol is proposed, which can fit a specific environment, meet interests and needs, balance network load, and prolong the network lifetime. In HMPBC, both the single-chain structure within cluster and the cluster heads selection depending on residual energy are operated by self-organization, and the region minimum spanning tree structure among clusters is established by the base station. The proposed protocol is simulated in MATLAB with the network model of 200m $\times$ 200m 400 nodes. Simulation results show that HMPBC has 33.31 and 39.70 longer lifetime, smaller fluctuations of average energy consumption of each node per round, and more precise measurement of zone parameters than LEACH-MLOR and the energy efficient hybrid multihop clustering scheme.

Hybrid Multihop Partition-Based Clustering Routing Protocol for WSNs

Energy aware hierarchical cluster-based routing protocol for WSNs

Resource allocation scheme based on game theory in heterogeneous networks

https://jcupt.bupt.edu.cn/CN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=1131

Delay-aware downlink beamforming with discrete rate adaptation for green cloud radio access network

https://jcupt.bupt.edu.cn/CN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=1091

Wang Ke

Papers

Energy aware hierarchical cluster-based routing protocol for WSNs

Resource allocation scheme based on game theory in heterogeneous networks

Delay-aware downlink beamforming with discrete rate adaptation for green cloud radio access network

Novel DTD and VAD assisted voice detection algorithm for VoIP systems