I have developed "tennis elbow" from lugging this book around the past four weeks, but it is worth the pain, the effort, and the aspirin. It is also worth the (relatively speaking) bargain price. Including appendixes, this book contains 894 pages of text. The entire panorama of the neural sciences is surveyed and examined, and it is comprehensive in its scope, from genomes to social behaviors. The editors explicitly state that the book is designed as "an introductory text for students of biology, behavior, and medicine," but it is hard to imagine any audience, interested in any fragment of neuroscience at any level of sophistication, that would not enjoy this book. The editors have done a masterful job of weaving together the biologic, the behavioral, and the clinical sciences into a single tapestry in which everyone from the molecular biologist to the practicing psychiatrist can find and appreciate his or

Principles of Neural Science

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Biomechanics And Motor Control Of Human Movement

When investigating the dynamics of three-dimensional multi-body biomechanical systems it is often difficult to derive spatiotemporally directed predictions regarding experimentally induced effects. A paradigm of 'non-directed' hypothesis testing has emerged in the literature as a result. Non-directed analyses typically consist of ad hoc scalar extraction, an approach which substantially simplifies the original, highly multivariate datasets (many time points, many vector components). This paper describes a commensurately multivariate method as an alternative to scalar extraction. The method, called 'statistical parametric mapping' (SPM), uses random field theory to objectively identify field regions which co-vary significantly with the experimental design. We compared SPM to scalar extraction by re-analyzing three publicly available datasets: 3D knee kinematics, a ten-muscle force system, and 3D ground reaction forces. Scalar extraction was found to bias the analyses of all three datasets by failing to consider sufficient portions of the dataset, and/or by failing to consider covariance amongst vector components. SPM overcame both problems by conducting hypothesis testing at the (massively multivariate) vector trajectory level, with random field corrections simultaneously accounting for temporal correlation and vector covariance. While SPM has been widely demonstrated to be effective for analyzing 3D scalar fields, the current results are the first to demonstrate its effectiveness for 1D vector field analysis. It was concluded that SPM offers a generalized, statistically comprehensive solution to scalar extraction's over-simplification of vector trajectories, thereby making it useful for objectively guiding analyses of complex biomechanical systems.

Vector field statistical analysis of kinematic and force trajectories (vol 46, pg 2394, 2013)

Badminton is a racket sport for two or four people, with a temporal structure characterized by actions of short duration and high intensity. This sport has five events: men’s and women’s singles, men’s and women’s doubles, and mixed doubles, each requiring specific preparation in terms of technique, control and physical fitness. Badminton is one of the most popular sports in the world, with 200 million adherents. The decision to include badminton in the 1992 Olympics Game increased participation in the game. This review focuses on the game characteristics, anthropometry, physiology, visual attributes and biomechanics of badminton. Players are generally tall and lean, with an ectomesomorphic body type suited to the high physiological demands of a match. Indeed, a typical match characteristic is a rally time of 7 s and a resting time of 15 s, with an effective playing time of 31 %. This sport is highly demanding, with an average heart rate (HR) of over 90 % of the player’s maximal HR. The intermittent actions during a game are demanding on both the aerobic and anaerobic systems: 60–70 % on the aerobic system and approximately 30 % on the anaerobic system, with greater demand on the alactic metabolism with respect to the lactic anaerobic metabolism. The shuttlecock has an atypical trajectory, and the players perform specific movements such as lunging and jumping, and powerful strokes using a specific pattern of movement. Lastly, badminton players are visually fit, picking up accurate visual information in a short time. Knowledge of badminton can help to improve coaching and badminton skills.

The Science of Badminton: Game Characteristics, Anthropometry, Physiology, Visual Fitness and Biomechanics

The volume of literature on fitness testing in court sports such as basketball is considerably less than for field sports or individual sports such as running and cycling Team sport performance is dependent upon a diverse range of qualities including size, fitness, sport-specific skills, team tactics, and psychological attributes The game of basketball has evolved to have a high priority on body size and physical fitness by coaches and players A player's size has a large influence on the position in the team, while the high-intensity, intermittent nature of the physical demands requires players to have a high level of fitness Basketball coaches and sport scientists often use a battery of sport-specific physical tests to evaluate body size and composition, and aerobic fitness and power This testing may be used to track changes within athletes over time to evaluate the effectiveness of training programmes or screen players for selection Sports science research is establishing typical (or 'reference') values for both within-athlete changes and between-athlete differences Newer statistical approaches such as magnitude-based inferences have emerged that are providing more meaningful interpretation of fitness testing results in the field for coaches and athletes Careful selection and implementation of tests, and more pertinent interpretation of data, will enhance the value of fitness testing in high-level basketball programmes This article presents reference values of fitness and body size in basketball players, and identifies practical methods of interpreting changes within players and differences between players beyond the null-hypothesis

Design and Interpretation of Anthropometric and Fitness Testing of Basketball Players

WANG, Y. T., S. CHEN, W. LIMROONGREUNGRAT, and L.-S. CHANGE. Contributions of Selected Fundamental Factors to Wheelchair Basketball Performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 130–137, 2005.Purpose:The purpose of this study was to determine the contributions of selected fundame

Contributions of selected fundamental factors to wheelchair basketball performance.

Adults with sedentary lifestyles seem to face a higher risk of falling in their later years. Several causes, such as impairment of strength, coordination, and cognitive function, influence worsening health conditions, including balancing ability. Many modalities can be applied to improve the balance function and prevent falling. Several studies have also recorded the effects of balance training in elderly adults for fall prevention. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to define the effect of virtual reality-based balance training on motor learning and postural control abilities in healthy adults. For this study, ten subjects were randomly allocated into either the conventional exercise (CON) or the virtual reality (VR) group. The CON group underwent physical balance training, while the VR group used the virtual reality system 4 weeks. In the VR group, the scores from three game modes were utilized to describe the effect of motor learning and define the learning curves that were derived with the power law function. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test was performed to analyze the postural control in five standing tasks, and data were collected with the help of a force plate. The average score was used to describe the effect of motor learning by deriving the mathematical models for determining the learning curve. Additionally, the models were classified into two exponential functions that relied on the aim and requirement skills. A negative exponential function was observed in the game mode, which requires the cognitive-motor function. In contrast, a positive exponential function was found in the game with use of only the motor skill. Moreover, this curve and its model were also used to describe the effect of learning in the long term and the ratio of difficulty in each game. In the balance performance, there was a significant decrease in the center of pressure parameters in the VR group, while in the CON group, there was a significant increase in the parameters during some foot placements, especially in the medio-lateral direction. The proposed VR-based training relies on the effect of motor learning in long-term training though different kinds of task training. In postural analysis, both exercise programs are emphasized to improve the balance ability in healthy adults. However, the virtual reality system can promote better outcomes to improve postural control post exercising. Trial registration Retrospectively registered on 25 April 2018. Trial number TCTR20180430005

/pdf/the-effect-of-virtual-reality-based-balance-training-on-2a7o1rk431.pdf

The effect of virtual reality-based balance training on motor learning and postural control in healthy adults: a randomized preliminary study

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to assess the sagittal angles and moments of lower extremity joints during single-leg jump landing in various directions [Subjects] Eighteen male athletes participated in the study [Methods] Participants were asked to perform single-leg jump-landing tests in four directions Angles and net joint moments of lower extremity joints in the sagittal plane were investigated during jump-landing tests from a 30-cm-high platform with a Vicon™ motion system The data were analyzed with one-way repeated measures ANOVA [Results] The results showed that knee joint flexion increased and hip joint flexion decreased at foot contact In peak angle during landing, increasing ankle dorsiflexion and decreasing hip flexion were noted In addition, an increase in ankle plantarflexor moment occurred [Conclusion] Adjusting the dorsiflexion angle and plantarflexor moment during landing might be the dominant strategy of athletes responding to different directions of jump landing Decreasing hip flexion during landing is associated with a stiff landing Sport clinicians and athletes should focus on increasing knee and hip flexion angles, a soft landing technique, in diagonal and lateral directions to reduce risk of injury

/pdf/different-sagittal-angles-and-moments-of-lower-extremity-1jsbm6b3r8.pdf

Different Sagittal Angles and Moments of Lower Extremity Joints during Single-leg Jump Landing among Various Directions in Basketball and Volleyball Athletes.

Purpose: Excessive knee valgus during landing tasks is a contributing factor to knee injuries. Most studies have examined lower extremity biomechanics during the forward direction of a jump-landing task. Athletes perform many movements in the air and land in multi-directions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the peak knee valgus angle (PKVA) during one leg jump-landing in various directions. Methods: Eighteen male basketball and volleyball athletes participated in the study. Participants performed one leg jump-landing tests from a 30 cm height platform in four directions. Knee valgus motion was measured using Vicon™ motion system. The data were analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA. Results: Direction significantly (P<0.001) influenced the PKVA during landing. Significantly higher PKVA was observed for the lateral (8.8°±4.7°) direction as compared to forward (5.8°±4.6°) direction (P<0.05). The PKVA in 30° diagonal (7.5°±4.6°) and 60° diagonal (7.7°±5.7°) directions was higher than in the forward direction (P<0.05).

Altered Peak Knee Valgus during Jump-Landing among Various Directions in Basketball and Volleyball Athletes.

Chronic ankle instability (CAI) alters lower extremity neuromuscular function, associated with a change in corticomotor excitability. The aim of this study was to compare corticomotor excitability and neuromuscular function of the muscles around the ankle between athletes with CAI and without CAI (non-CAI). Nineteen CAI athletes (15 men and 4 women) and 19 non-CAI athletes (15 men and 4 women) participated (age- and sex-matched). Corticomotor excitability was measured by transcranial magnetic stimulation for the following muscles: the tibialis anterior (TA), peroneus longus (PL) and gastrocnemius medialis (GM). The resting motor threshold (rMT), motor evoked potential (MEP), and latency (Lat) were subsequently measured. Neuromuscular function was assessed with a jump test, using the EMG activity before foot contact, peak torque, and joint position sense. The corticomotor excitability in CAI showed a lower normalized MEP in the TA (p = 0.026) and PL (p = 0.003), and longer latency in the TA (p = 0.049) and GM (p = 0.027) compared with non-CAI. The neuromuscular assessment showed CAI had less EMG activity of the PL (p < 0.001), less peak torque of the dorsiflexor (p = 0.019) muscle compared with non-CAI. Athletes with CAI had lower corticomotor excitability in the TA and PL and a longer latency in the TA and GM muscles. Additionally, CAI demonstrated functional neuromuscular deficits by decreasing EMG activity of the PL muscle and strength of the dorsiflexor muscle. Our findings indicated maladaptation at both cortical and peripheral levels among athletes with CAI.

Weerawat Limroongreungrat

Papers

Contributions of selected fundamental factors to wheelchair basketball performance.

The effect of virtual reality-based balance training on motor learning and postural control in healthy adults: a randomized preliminary study

Different Sagittal Angles and Moments of Lower Extremity Joints during Single-leg Jump Landing among Various Directions in Basketball and Volleyball Athletes.

Altered Peak Knee Valgus during Jump-Landing among Various Directions in Basketball and Volleyball Athletes.

Decreased supraspinal control and neuromuscular function controlling the ankle joint in athletes with chronic ankle instability