Vessel detection and classification from spaceborne optical images: A literature survey.

Harmful algal blooms (HABs), those proliferations of algae that can cause fish kills, contaminate seafood with toxins, form unsightly scums, or detrimentally alter ecosystem function have been increasing in frequency, magnitude, and duration worldwide. Here, using a global modeling approach, we show, for three regions of the globe, the potential effects of nutrient loading and climate change for two HAB genera, pelagic Prorocentrum and Karenia, each with differing physiological characteristics for growth. The projections (end of century, 2090–2100) are based on climate change resulting from the A1B scenario of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Institut Pierre Simon Laplace Climate Model (IPCC, IPSL-CM4), applied in a coupled oceanographic-biogeochemical model, combined with a suite of assumed physiological ‘rules’ for genera-specific bloom development. Based on these models, an expansion in area and/or number of months annually conducive to development of these HABs along the NW European Shelf-Baltic Sea system and NE Asia was projected for both HAB genera, but no expansion (Prorocentrum spp.), or actual contraction in area and months conducive for blooms (Karenia spp.), was projected in the SE Asian domain. The implications of these projections, especially for Northern Europe, are shifts in vulnerability of coastal systems to HAB events, increased regional HAB impacts to aquaculture, increased risks to human health and ecosystems, and economic consequences of these events due to losses to fisheries and ecosystem services.

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Vulnerability of coastal ecosystems to changes in harmful algal bloom distribution in response to climate change: projections based on model analysis

Recent insights about relationships between nutrient availability, forms, and stoichiometry, and the distribution, ecophysiology, and food web effects of pelagic and benthic Prorocentrum species

Image Registration is the first step towards using remote sensed images for any purpose Despite numerous techniques being developed for image registration, only a handful has proved to be useful for registration of remote sensing images due to their characteristic of being computationally heavy Recent flux in technology has prompted a legion of approaches that may suit divergent remote sensing applications This paper presents a comprehensive survey of such literatures including recently developed techniques

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Remote sensing image registration techniques: a survey

Creep in Structures. Nicholas J. Hoff (Editor). Colloquium held at Stanford University, California, \\lth-\\5th July 1960. Springer Verlag, Berlin. 1962. 375 pp. DM 54. The first experiment on creep buckling was probably that made by Eaton Hodgkinson about 1890 when he recorded that a cast-iron pillow one inch in diameter and six feet long supported a load of 1,456 lb. for five or six months and then broke. Meanwhile, William Fairbairn, busy testing model tubes of wrought iron for the Britannia tubular bridge, was noting with satisfaction that, although the deflection of the tube under five times working load increased from ~i\\ to 3 j inches in 19 hours, under three times working load a similar increase took 20 days. Were these two gentlemen present in spirit at Stanford in July 1960, probably they would have found much to approve and perhaps even more to deplore. If the twenty papers are printed in the order in which they were delivered, Fairbairn anyway could barely have endured the first half. He would scarcely have recognised his old familiar wrought iron as a viscoelastic material, nor have seen in the disappearance of the shear centre the key to Robert Stephenson's apprehension of the dangers of twist. His appetite would have been whetted by the titles to the first eight papers with their several references to beams, plates and membranes, to combined stresses, varying load and temperature and incremental loading; but, listening, he would certainly have concluded that \"to go into such laborious and obstruse calculations was beyond his power\"; and he would have fled at half time \"to rest the basis of his calculation entirely on the experimental facts as deduced from tests on the proper models.\" Of course, the practical designer is always liable to run back to old fashioned methods; but it is simply no use improving mathematical techniques and complicated aids without at the same time developing the means to communicate the improvements to the practical designer. Had Fairbairn survived to the ninth paper he would have pricked up his ears. The term \"oil canning\" would have been strange to him and the references of course unknown; the notation is deplorable and the mathematics poorly set out; yet the description of the process is so lucid that these drawbacks scarcely hinder understanding of the way in which creep may contribute to snap action. Even better are later papers on the mechanics of column creep, and on the \"geometrically nonlinear creep buckling of bars\" (the worst feature of the latter paper is its title—it means very large deflections, as of an archer's bow; in fact the elastica, only not elastic). Several others of the last twelve papers are quite readable and they should encourage the reader to take another look at those he skipped first time. The editor brings up the rear with a study of damping in the vibration of a helical spring. It is a pity that the post of editor, qua se, seems to have become a sinecure; had this set of papers been really thoroughly edited—notation, layout, style and all else—its value would have been enormously enhanced.—H. L. COX.

Introduction to Radar Systems.Merrill I. Skolnik. McGraw-Hill Book Co., London and New York. 1962. 648 pp. Illustrated. £5 12s. 6d.

Internal wave propagation carries considerable vertical shear which can lead to turbulence and mixing. Based on the analysis of more than 2 500 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and optical satellite images, the internal wave propagation in the whole South China Sea was investigated systematically. The results show that (1) in the northeastern South China Sea, most internal waves propagate westward from the Luzon Strait and are diffracted by coral reefs near the Dongsha Islands. Some impinge onto the shelf and a few are reflected; (2) in the northwestern South China Sea, most internal waves are generated at the shelf and propagate northwestward or westward to the coast; (3) in the western South China Sea, most internal waves propagate westward to the Vietnamese coast, except a few propagate southward to the deep sea; and (4) in the southern South China Sea, most internal waves propagate southwestward to the coast. Some propagate southeastward to the coast of Kalimantan Island, and a few propagate southeastward because of the influence of the Mekong River.

Study of the propagation direction of the internal waves in the South China Sea using satellite images

Alternative dark-bright patterns on two ENVISAT Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) images of the east coast of the Korean Peninsula acquired on 18 and 19 May 2004 are interpreted as atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs) on the basis of simultaneous multi-satellite observations and atmospheric gravity wave theory. The AGWs appeared in the form of a wave packet containing several waves located between 50 and 200 km offshore. The wavelengths were ranging from 13 to 20 km. The lengths of AGW crests were from 20 to 150 km. An NOAA-17 pass was received about 30 min after the ASAR pass. Its channel 4 infrared (IR) image clearly shows wave-like moisture patterns. However, the sea surface temperature (SST) image derived after applying nonlinear calibration and split-window atmospheric correction shows no wave patterns. A daytime true-colour MODIS image taken about 14 h later still shows a cloud band of same AGWs, indicating the lifespan of the standing AGWs can be over half a day. Although oceanic internal waves (IWs) may also cause similar wave patterns imaged by spaceborne SAR as they modulate the ocean surface roughness, we provide evidence to eliminate this possibility in this case. The characteristics of satellite observed AGWs are in good agreement with these simulated by a linear coastal AGW model.

Coastally trapped atmospheric gravity waves on SAR, AVHRR and MODIS images

This paper addresses the problem of the characterization of oceanic internal wave packets from SAR images. Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) provides a new strategy for extracting internal wave signatures, and offers the precision, flexibility and accuracy which are proved by Huang et al. in 1998. The EMD is employed in a scale-space analysis of SAR image profiles to locate and characterize the wave parameters of internal waves. First, the EMD is applied for the nonlinear internal wave temporal series of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) decomposition. Second, a criterion based on the theory that the max normalized deflection stands for the largest energy is introduced to detect the internal wave component. The results show that EMD is an excellent tool to detect internal waves against background noise, and to estimate, with a good degree of precision, soliton wavelengths from SAR ocean image profiles.

Internal Wave Packet Characterization from SAR Images Using Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD)

This paper presents an improved constant false alarm rate (CFAR) model for ship detection in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. The model includes the probabilistic neural networks, CFAR technique, golden section method and area growth method. It is compared with other ship detection methods. The results show that the improved CFAR model performs well

An improved CFAR model for ship detection in SAR imagery

An approach to vectorization of classified remote sensing image is presented based on the characteristics of raster data. This approach consists of three digitizing steps during the raster to vector convening: pre-processing, processing and postprocessing. First, all image pixels are categorized to some different types according to the characteristics of raster data. Then, polygons are generated by tracing these typed image pixels, with topological attribute built-in. Finally, the vector data are post-processed to reduce the redundancy and stored to GIS’s based file. Compared to traditional methods this approach creates topological information of vector data automatically during converting. It has high performance, and could be implemented step by step. The result vector data could be applied and used directly in the geographical information system. An example is used to illustrate this approach with classified Landsat TM image. Keywords-Raster to Vector Conversion; Topology; Remote Sensing Imag; Geographical Information System

Weigen Huang

Papers

Study of the propagation direction of the internal waves in the South China Sea using satellite images

Coastally trapped atmospheric gravity waves on SAR, AVHRR and MODIS images

Internal Wave Packet Characterization from SAR Images Using Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD)

An improved CFAR model for ship detection in SAR imagery

Raster to vector conversion of classified remote sensing image