In the Internet of Things (IoT), a lot of constrained devices are interconnected. The data collected from those devices can be the target of cyberattacks. In this paper, a lightweight cryptosystem that can be efficiently implemented in highly constrained IOT devices is proposed. The algorithm is mainly based on Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and a new chaotic S-box. Since its adoption by the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol, AES in embedded platforms have been increasingly used. The main cryptographic properties of the generated S-box have been validated. The randomness of the generated S-box has been confirmed by the NIST tests. Experimental results and security analysis demonstrated that the cryptosystem can, on the one hand, reach good encryption results and respects the limitation of the sensor’s resources, on the other hand. So the proposed solution could be reliably applied in image encryption and secure communication between networked smart objects.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/1/129/pdf

Implementing a Symmetric Lightweight Cryptosystem in Highly Constrained IoT Devices by Using a Chaotic S-Box

One of the general problems in modern digital society is undoubtedly the information security topic. It is critical to ensure the security of information transferred, processed, and stored throughout digital channels. Among this information, digital images draw attention in terms of frequency of use in digital channels. In this study, a new image encryption algorithm is proposed to address the security problems of digital images. The aspect that differentiates the proposed algorithm from thousands of image encryption algorithms in the literature is that it is designed within the framework of the provable security design principle. The provable security design approach has ensured that the proposed algorithm is theoretically secure with mathematical proof techniques. In addition to addressing the proposed architecture security concerns, the hybrid random number generator used as the key generator constitutes another unique aspect. This generator, which was designed using chaotic systems, physical unclonable functions, and optimization algorithms, stands out as the innovative aspect of the study. The statistical randomness properties of the proposed random number generator were tested using the NIST SP 800-22 Statistical Test Suite. Successful results were obtained for 15 tests in the test package. In addition, the success of these outputs was tested on a new image encryption algorithm. The security of the proposed algorithm was tested from different angles using various experimental analyzes and a 12-step provable security analysis roadmap. Successful analysis results and performance measurements indicate that the proposed cryptographic components can be used in many information security applications and many future designs.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/5/824/pdf

SIEA: Secure Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Chaotic Systems Optimization Algorithms and PUFs

Most of the image encryption schemes based on chaos have so far employed symmetric key cryptography, which leads to a situation where the key cannot be transmitted in public channels, thus limiting their extended application. Based on the elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), we proposed a public key image encryption method where the hash value derived from the plain image was encrypted by ECC. Furthermore, during image permutation, a novel algorithm based on different-sized block was proposed. The plain image was firstly divided into five planes according to the amount of information contained in different bits: the combination of the low 4 bits, and other four planes of high 4 bits respectively. Second, for different planes, the corresponding method of block partition was followed by the rule that the higher the bit plane, the smaller the size of the partitioned block as a basic unit for permutation. In the diffusion phase, the used hyperchaotic sequences in permutation were applied to improve the efficiency. Lots of experimental simulations and cryptanalyses were implemented in which the NPCR and UACI are 99.6124% and 33.4600% respectively, which all suggested that it can effectively resist statistical analysis attacks and chosen plaintext attacks.

A Novel Asymmetric Hyperchaotic Image Encryption Scheme Based on Elliptic Curve Cryptography

A new cryptographic algorithm via a two-dimensional chaotic map

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) enabled optimisation of train’s passenger traffic flows is a key consideration of transportation under Smart City planning (SCP). Traditional mobility prediction based optimisation and encryption approaches are reactive in nature; however, Artificial Intelligence (AI) driven proactive solutions are required for near real-time optimisation. Leveraging the historical passenger data recorded via Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) sensors installed at the train stations, mobility prediction models can be developed to support and improve the railway operational performance vis-a-vis 5G and beyond. In this paper we have analysed the passenger traffic flows based on an Access, Egress and Interchange (AEI) framework to support train infrastructure against congestion, accidents, overloading carriages and maintenance. This paper predominantly focuses on developing passenger flow predictions using Machine Learning (ML) along with a novel encryption model that is capable of handling the heavy passenger traffic flow in real-time. We have compared and reported the performance of various ML driven flow prediction models using real-world passenger flow data obtained from London Underground and Overground (LUO). Extensive spatio-temporal simulations leveraging realistic mobility prediction models show that an AEI framework can achieve 91.17% prediction accuracy along with secure and light-weight encryption capabilities. Security parameters such as correlation coefficient ( 7.70), number of pixel change rate (>99%), unified average change intensity (>33), contrast (>10), homogeneity (<0.3) and energy (<0.01) prove the efficacy of the proposed encryption scheme.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/9/2629/pdf

Mobility Prediction-Based Optimisation and Encryption of Passenger Traffic-Flows Using Machine Learning.

We propose a new chaotic map combined with delay and cascade, called tent delay-sine cascade with logistic map (TDSCL). Compared with the original one-dimensional simple map, the proposed map has increased initial value sensitivity and internal randomness and a larger chaotic parameter interval. The chaotic sequence generated by TDSCL has pseudo-randomness and is suitable for image encryption. Based on this chaotic map, we propose an image encryption algorithm with a symmetric structure, which can achieve confusion and diffusion at the same time. Simulation results show that after encryption using the proposed algorithm, the entropy of the cipher is extremely close to the ideal value of eight, and the correlation coefficients between the pixels are lower than 0.01, thus the algorithm can resist statistical attacks. Moreover, the number of pixel change rate (NPCR) and the unified average changing intensity (UACI) of the proposed algorithm are very close to the ideal value, which indicates that it can efficiently resist chosen-plain text attack.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/3/355/pdf

Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Tent Delay-Sine Cascade with Logistic Map

Cryptography based on the properties such as unpredictability and initial state sensitivity of chaotic systems is a strategy to improve the security of image encryption algorithms. In this paper, a Logistic Coupled with Sine (LCS) chaotic map is proposed, and it turns out that the proposed map has more complex behaviors than existing chaotic maps in terms of performance analyses. Furthermore, as a potential application, an efficient and effective image encryption algorithm is proposed based on the keystreams generated by this LCS map. In the encryption algorithm, for a given plain image, it is split by the parity of indices of image rows first, and then a new confusion-diffusion strategy is proposed to scramble and diffuse thoroughly the elements of these two divided parts of the image. The security analyses indicate that the proposed encryption algorithm has excellent statistical properties, high security and efficiency for image encryption. 

Weikang Ding

Papers

Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Tent Delay-Sine Cascade with Logistic Map

An effective image encryption algorithm based on a novel chaotic map