The preparation, structure, and chemistry of hypervalent iodine compounds are reviewed with emphasis on their synthetic application. Compounds of iodine possess reactivity similar to that of transition metals, but have the advantage of environmental sustainability and efficient utilization of natural resources. These compounds are widely used in organic synthesis as selective oxidants and environmentally friendly reagents. Synthetic uses of hypervalent iodine reagents in halogenation reactions, various oxidations, rearrangements, aminations, C–C bond-forming reactions, and transition metal-catalyzed reactions are summarized and discussed. Recent discovery of hypervalent catalytic systems and recyclable reagents, and the development of new enantioselective reactions using chiral hypervalent iodine compounds represent a particularly important achievement in the field of hypervalent iodine chemistry. One of the goals of this Review is to attract the attention of the scientific community as to the benefits of...

Advances in Synthetic Applications of Hypervalent Iodine Compounds

Hypervalent iodine chemistry is now a well-established area of organic chemistry. Novel hypervalent iodine reagents have been introduced in many different transformations owing to their mild reaction conditions and environmentally friendly nature. Recently, these reagents have received particular attention because of their applications in catalysis. Numerous hypervalent iodine-catalyzed oxidative functionalizations such as oxidations of various alcohols and phenols, α-functionalizations of carbonyl compounds, cyclizations, and rearrangements have been developed successfully. In these catalytic reactions stoichiometric oxidants such as mCPBA or oxone play a crucial role to generate the iodine(III) or iodine(V) species in situ. In this Focus Review, recent developments of hypervalent iodine-catalyzed reactions are described including some asymmetric variants. Catalytic reactions using recyclable hypervalent iodine catalysts are also covered.

Hypervalent iodine-catalyzed oxidative functionalizations including stereoselective reactions.

This report details the development of a spirobiindane-based chiral hypervalent iodine reagent, especially focusing on its structural elucidation for effective asymmetric induction of the chiral spiro center during the oxidative dearomatizing spirolactonization of naphthols. In this study we synthesized a new series of ortho-functionalized spirobiindane catalysts and demonstrated that the enantioselectivity can be dramatically improved by the presence of the substituents ortho to the iodine atom. The structural elucidation of a spirobiindane-based hypervalent iodine catalyst has led to further improvement in the stereoselective construction of the spiro center during the oxidative dearomatizing spirolactonization of naphthols. Thus, catalytic oxidation with the highest reported level of enantioselectivity in hypervalent iodine chemistry has been achieved with also an excellent level of asymmetric induction (92% ee for substrate 3a). As a result, this study, dealing with a series of modified iodine catalys...

Asymmetric dearomatizing spirolactonization of naphthols catalyzed by spirobiindane-based chiral hypervalent iodine species.

Structurally diverse pyridinium salts are quite familiar structures in many natural products and bioactive pharmaceuticals. Over the centuries, these privileged scaffolds have played an intriguing role in a wide range of research topics and, thus, this review aims at highlighting the pyridinium salts in terms of their synthetic routes, reactivity and their importance as pyridinium ionic liquids, as pyridinium ylides, as anti-microbial, anti-cancer, anti-malarial and anti-cholinesterase inhibitors, as well as their applications in materials science and biological issues related to gene delivery.

Pyridinium salts: from synthesis to reactivity and applications

This novel and highly effective method gives access to the compounds (II) and (IV) with high enantioselectivities

Hydrogen Bonding and Alcohol Effects in Asymmetric Hypervalent Iodine Catalysis: Enantioselective Oxidative Dearomatization of Phenols

Recyclable Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagent Iodosodilactone as an Efficient Coupling Reagent for Direct Esterification, Amidation, and Peptide Coupling

Enantiomerically pure iodoarene (S)-2 and its derivatives (S)-3 to (S)-18 with a spirobiindane scaffold have been synthesized. The evaluation of these new chiral iodoarenes as catalysts in the enantioselective α-tosyloxylation of ketones was performed using m-CPBA as a stoichiometric oxidant, and the synthetically useful α-tosyloxylated ketones were obtained in up to 58% enantiomeric excess (ee).

Enantioselective α-tosyloxylation of ketones catalyzed by spirobiindane scaffold-based chiral iodoarenes

Iodine-mediated intramolecular amination of ketones: the synthesis of 2-acylindoles and 2-acylindolines by tuning N-protecting groups

A simple and efficient metal-free sulfenylation/cyclization of aryl alkynoates has been developed, obtaining various 3-sulfenylated coumarins in moderate to excellent yields. In the presence of BF3·Et2O, the stable and readily accessible N-sulfanylsuccinimides were employed as electrophiles to induce the 6-endo-dig electrophilic cyclization of alkynoates. The reaction using substrates bearing a methoxy group on the phenoxy ring proceeded in an exclusively distinct pathway via either ipso sulfenylcyclization or sulfenylation of the phenoxy ring depending on the different locations of the methoxy substituent. The resulting 3-sulfenylated coumarins can be readily transformed to 3-sulfinylated or 3-sulfonylated coumarins under different oxidation conditions.

Wenchao Gao

Papers

Recyclable Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagent Iodosodilactone as an Efficient Coupling Reagent for Direct Esterification, Amidation, and Peptide Coupling

Enantioselective α-tosyloxylation of ketones catalyzed by spirobiindane scaffold-based chiral iodoarenes

Iodine-mediated intramolecular amination of ketones: the synthesis of 2-acylindoles and 2-acylindolines by tuning N-protecting groups

Synthesis of 3-Sulfenylated Coumarins: BF3·Et2O-Mediated Electrophilic Cyclization of Aryl Alkynoates Using N-Sulfanylsuccinimides

I2-Catalyzed C-O Bond Formation and Dehydrogenation: Facile Synthesis of Oxazolines and Oxazoles Controlled by Bases.