Power Aware Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

This chapter is devoted to a more detailed examination of game theory. Game theory is an important tool for analyzing strategic behavior, is concerned with how individuals make decisions when they recognize that their actions affect, and are affected by, the actions of other individuals or groups. Strategic behavior recognizes that the decision-making process is frequently mutually interdependent. Game theory is the study of the strategic behavior involving the interaction of two or more individuals, teams, or firms, usually referred to as players. Two game theoretic scenarios were examined in this chapter: Simultaneous-move and multi-stage games. In simultaneous-move games the players effectively move at the same time. A normal-form game summarizes the players, possible strategies and payoffs from alternative strategies in a simultaneous-move game. Simultaneous-move games may be either noncooperative or cooperative. In contrast to noncooperative games, players of cooperative games engage in collusive behavior. A Nash equilibrium, which is a solution to a problem in game theory, occurs when the players’ payoffs cannot be improved by changing strategies. Simultaneous-move games may be either one-shot or repeated games. One-shot games are played only once. Repeated games are games that are played more than once. Infinitely-repeated games are played over and over again without end. Finitely-repeated games are played a limited number of times. Finitely-repeated games have certain or uncertain ends.

An Introduction to Game Theory

Quality of experience (QoE) is the perceptual quality of service (QoS) from the users' perspective. For video service, the relationship between QoE and QoS (such as coding parameters and network statistics) is complicated because users' perceptual video quality is subjective and diversified in different environments. Traditionally, QoE is obtained from subjective test, where human viewers evaluate the quality of tested videos under a laboratory environment. To avoid high cost and offline nature of such tests, objective quality models are developed to predict QoE based on objective QoS parameters, but it is still an indirect way to estimate QoE. With the rising popularity of video streaming over the Internet, data-driven QoE analysis models have newly emerged due to availability of large-scale data. In this paper, we give a comprehensive survey of the evolution of video quality assessment methods, analyzing their characteristics, advantages, and drawbacks. We also introduce QoE-based video applications and, finally, identify the future research directions of QoE.

From QoS to QoE: A Tutorial on Video Quality Assessment

Position-based routing is considered to be a very promising routing strategy for communication within vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), due to the fact that vehicular nodes can obtain position information from onboard global positioning system receivers and acquire global road layout information from an onboard digital map. Position-based routing protocols, which are based mostly on greedy forwarding, are well-suited to the highly dynamic and rapid-changing network topology of VANETs. In this paper, we outline the background and the latest development in VANETs and survey the state-of-the-art routing protocols previously used in VANETs. We present the pros and cons for each routing protocol, and make a detailed comparison. We also discuss open issues, challenges and future research directions. It is observed that a hybrid routing protocol is the best choice for VANETs in both urban and highway environments.

A survey on position-based routing for vehicular ad hoc networks

Game theory (GT) is a mathematical method that describes the phenomenon of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision-makers. In particular, the theory has been proven very useful in the design of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). This article surveys the recent developments and findings of GT, its applications in WSNs, and provides the community a general view of this vibrant research area. We first introduce the typical formulation of GT in the WSN application domain. The roles of GT are described that include routing protocol design, topology control, power control and energy saving, packet forwarding, data collection, spectrum allocation, bandwidth allocation, quality of service control, coverage optimization, WSN security, and other sensor management tasks. Then, three variations of game theory are described, namely, the cooperative, non-cooperative, and repeated schemes. Finally, existing problems and future trends are identified for researchers and engineers in the field.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/7/9055/pdf

Game theory for Wireless Sensor Networks: a survey.

Live video streaming over vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) is an attractive feature to many applications, such as emergency live video transmission, road-side video advertisement broadcasting and inter-vehicle video conversation. Though vehicles have ample bandwidth, computation and storage capacity to support data intensive communication, the high mobility may cause persistent network partition. The performance of video streaming suffers from the delay and packet loss incurred by the long time disconnection. Although many solutions have been proposed to handle the high mobility problem, few of them addressed the problem in the context of video transmission. In this paper, we focus on video streaming between vehicles in highway, where the traffic density is adequate to mitigate frequent link disconnections and persistent network partitions. We study the performance of video streaming under different data forwarding and buffer management schemes. Real video data and the dedicated short range communications (DSRC) are used in the simulation study to better match the reality. The result of this paper gives insight for the design of the future inter-vehicle video streaming system.

Performance Study of Live Video Streaming Over Highway Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a highly mobile wireless ad hoc network that is targeted to support vehicular safety, traffic monitoring, and other applications. Mobility models used in traditional mobile ad hoc networks cannot directly be applied to VANETs since real-world factors such as road layouts and traffic regulations are not considered. In this paper, we propose a vehicular mobility model that reflects real-world vehicle movement and study the performance of packet-routing protocols. First, we study the routing in small-scale VANETs and propose two routing schemes: (1) connection-based restricted forwarding (CBRF) and (2) connectionless geographic forwarding (CLGF). With the insights obtained, we consider routing in large-scale VANETs. Since road complexity and traffic variety may cause many potential problems that existing routing protocols cannot address, we introduce a two-phase routing protocol (TOPO) that incorporates road map information. The proposed protocol defines an overlay graph with roads of high vehicular density and access graphs that are connected to the overlay. While in the overlay, packets are forwarded along a precalculated path. As far as access routing is concerned, we employ the aforementioned CBRF and CLGF schemes and send packets to the overlay or handle packets delivered from the overlay. We argue that the TOPO can serve as a framework that integrates existing VANET routing protocols. We also consider data diversity in VANETs and design the TOPO as an intelligent transportation system (ITS)-friendly protocol. To validate our design philosophy and the routing protocol, we use different areas in the city of Orlando, FL, and generate vehicular mobility traces, following our mobility models. We feed the traces to network simulators and study the routing behavior. Simulation results demonstrate the performance and effectiveness of the proposed routing protocols for large-scale VANET scenarios.

Small-Scale and Large-Scale Routing in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

In this paper, we use game theory to study the interactions between a malicious node and a regular node in wireless networks with unreliable channels. Since the malicious nodes do not reveal their identities to others, it is crucial for the regular nodes to detect them through monitoring and observation. We model the malicious node detection process as a Bayesian game with imperfect information and show that a mixed strategy perfect Bayesian Nash Equilibrium (also a sequential equilibrium) is attainable. While the equilibrium in the detection game ensures the identification of the malicious nodes, we argue that it might not be profitable to isolate the malicious nodes upon detection. As a matter of fact, malicious nodes and regular nodes can co-exist as long as the destruction they bring is less than the contribution they make. To show how we can utilize the malicious nodes, a post-detection game between the malicious and regular nodes is formalized. Solution to this game shows the existence of a subgame perfect Nash Equilibrium and the conditions that achieve the equilibrium. Simulation results and their discussions are also provided to illustrate the properties of the derived equilibria.

Coexistence with malicious nodes: A game theoretic approach

Collaborative jamming and collaborative defense in cognitive radio networks

A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a high mobility wireless ad hoc network that is targeted to support vehicular safety, traffic monitoring, and other commercial applications Mobility models used in traditional mobile ad hoc networks cannot be directly applied to VANETs since real world factors such as road layouts and traffic regulations are not considered In this paper, we propose a vehicular mobility model that reflects real world vehicle movement on the road Based on the mobility, we study the performance of existing Mobile Ad Hoc network (MANET) routing protocols, ie, AODV and GPSR We observe the drawbacks of the MANET protocols and argue the inappropriateness of directly applying those MANET protocols to VANETs We also propose simple modifications to these protocols which make them more suitable for small scale VANETs When investigating the large scale VANETs, we introduce a two phase routing protocol that incorporates map information The proposed protocol defines an overlay graph with roads of high vehicular density and forwards packet along the pre-calculated path in the overlay The access, which is the rest areas relies on our modified small scale routing protocols to send packets to overlay  Both small and large scale routing protocols are validated with simulation We generate vehicular mobility traces for different road layouts in Orlando by making vehicles follow the mobility model We feed the traces to network simulators to study the routing behavior Simulation results show the performance and effectiveness of our modified and proposed routing protocols for VANET scenarios

Wenjing Wang

Papers

Performance Study of Live Video Streaming Over Highway Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Small-Scale and Large-Scale Routing in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Coexistence with malicious nodes: A game theoretic approach

Collaborative jamming and collaborative defense in cognitive radio networks

An Integrated Study on Mobility Models and Scalable Routing Protocols in VANETs