Nature And Properties Of Soils

Biochar reduced nitrate leaching and improved soil moisture content without yield improvements in a four-year field study

This review summarizes the influences of pyrolysis conditions and feedstock types on biochar properties, and how biochar properties in turn affect soil properties. Mechanistic evidence of biochar's potential for enhancing crop productivity, carbon sequestration, and nutrient use efficiency are also discussed. The review identifies the knowledge gaps, limitations, and future research directions for large-scale use of biochar. Both pyrolytic parameters and feedstock types are considered to be the main factors controlling biochar properties such as nutrient content, recalcitrance and pH. Biochar produced at low temperatures may improve nutrient availability and crop yield in acidic and alkaline soils, whereas high-temperature biochar may enhance long-term soil carbon sequestration. Biochar can also improve the efficiency of inorganic and organic fertilizers by enhancing microbial functions and reducing nutrient loss, thereby making nutrients more available to plants. Integration of biochar and chemical or organic fertilizers generally provides for better nutrient management and crop yield in most types of soils. Although biochar can improve degraded soils, it is not a panacea; as such, soil- and crop-specific biochar are needed in order to ensure optimum crop yield and agricultural sustainability.

Impact of Biochar Properties on Soil Conditions and Agricultural Sustainability: A Review

Comparing straw, compost, and biochar regarding their suitability as agricultural soil amendments to affect soil structure, nutrient leaching, microbial communities, and the fate of pesticides

Catalytic effects of potassium on biomass pyrolysis, combustion and torrefaction

Nutrient leaching is often a problem especially in tropical areas with soil fertility constraints. This study aims to reveal the effect of biochars on leaching and uptake of nitrogen and potassium from degraded soils cultivated with maize. Each of three types of biochar originated from rice husk, wood, and coconut shell, was applied to the soil placed in PVC tube at four rates (0,15, 30, and 45 t/ha). Maize was then planted in each pot. All pots received urea (135 kg N/ha), SP 36 (36 kg P 2 O 5 /ha), and KCl (110 kg K 2 O/ha). Twelve treatments (three biochars and four application rates) were arranged in a factorial randomized block design with three replicates. Results of the study showed interaction effects of biochar materials and biochar rates on nitrate leaching (except on day 1 to 30) and potassium, N uptake, and plant growth. On day 1-30, leaching of nitrate and potassium was reduced by biochar application. The lowest nitrate leaching was observed at rate of 45 t /ha of wood biochar, while application of 45 t/ ha coconut shell biochar resulted in the highest K leaching. Beside, wood biochar resulted in a similar nitrate leaching with that of coconut shell biochars, but nitrate leaching increased with increasing rate of biochar chaff on 30-60 HST. All biochar materials yielded a similar potassium leaching at all rates. Application of 45 t /ha biochar husk resulted in the best maize growth.

https://jdmlm.ub.ac.id/index.php/jdmlm/article/download/87/pdf

The use of biochar to reduce nitrogen and potassium leaching from soil cultivated with maize

Field experiments were conducted to study the effect of biochar on potassium fertilizer leaching and uptake, efficiency and effectiveness of K fertilization, and economic viability of farming maize. Thirty tons ha -1 of biochar prepared from organic waste was applied to an Inceptisol. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with 7 treatments, namely control (without biochar and KCl), K1 (200 kg ha -1 KCl), BK0 (biochar, without KCl), BK1/4 (biochar + 50 kg ha -1 KCl), BK 1/2 (biochar + 100 kg ha -1 KCl), BK 3/4 (biochar + 150 kg ha -1 KCl), and BK1 (biochar + 200 kg ha -1 KCl) and three replicates for each treatment. The results suggest that biochar could replace and reduce KCl fertilizer. Biochar application increased the availability of nutrients by 69-89% for K + , 61-70% for Ca ++ , 39-53% for N total, 179-208% for P, and 14-184% for K.The results showed that the sole application of biochar increased maize production (6.24 Mg ha -1 ) by 14% compared sole application of KCl fertilizer (5.45 Mg ha -1 ). In contrast, dual application of biochar and 75% lower dosage of KCl fertilizer application increased maize production by 29%. Application of biochar and KCl fertilizer at the rate of 50 kg ha -1 resulted in the highest relative agronomic effectiveness (137%) and K fertilizer efficiency (18%). This application rate was also superior both technically and economically as assessed in terms of production (7.02 Mg ha -1 ), value of sales (revenue; IDR 19,305 million ha -1 ), income (IDR 8,663 million ha -1 ), and economic feasibility (R/C, 1.8).

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Biochar Can Enhance Potassium Fertilization Efficiency and Economic Feasibility of Maize Cultivation

An experiment in greenhouse was conducted to study the effect of biochar and fertilizer potassium against leaching and uptake of potassium on the growth of maize during the two cropping seasons. In the experiment, a randomized block design with seven treatments and three-time replication was applied, namely control (without biochar and KCl), biochar (30 t ha -1 ) with various doses of potassium fertilizer (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg KCl ha -1 ) and potassium fertilizer treatment of 200 kg KCl ha -1 without biochar. The first planting used 90 kg N ha -1 basic fertilizer and 100 kg P2O5 ha -1 , while the second planting fertilizer was added with 90 kg N ha -1 . The results showed that biochar containing potassium was soluble and leached. The amount of potassium leached from the soil given the biochar 30 t ha -1 did not differ from that given 200 kg KCl ha -1 . The amount of potassium leached was not different, ranging from 439-449 mg l -1 in the first growing season (MT I) and 16-23 mg l -1 in the second growing season (MT II) at various doses of KCl with biochar.

Biochar effect on potassium fertilizer and leaching potassium dosage for two corn planting seasons

An experiment in greenhouse was conducted to study the effect of biochar and fertilizer potassium against leaching and uptake of potassium on the growth of maize during the two cropping seasons. In the experiment, a randomized block design with seven treatments and three-time replication was applied, namely control (without biochar and KCl), biochar (30 t ha -1 ) with various doses of potassium fertilizer (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg KCl ha -1 ) and potassium fertilizer treatment of 200 kg KCl ha -1 without biochar. The first planting used 90 kg N ha -1 basic fertilizer and 100 kg P2O5 ha -1 , while the second planting fertilizer was added with 90 kg N ha -1 . The results showed that biochar containing potassium was soluble and leached. The amount of potassium leached from the soil given the biochar 30 t ha -1 did not differ from that given 200 kg KCl ha -1 . The amount of potassium leached was not different, ranging from 439-449 mg l -1 in the first growing season (MT I) and 16-23 mg l -1 in the second growing season (MT II) at various doses of KCl with biochar. Keywords: biochar, leaching, potassium, uptake

https://agrivita.ub.ac.id/index.php/agrivita/article/download/359/517

Biochar effect at potassium fertilizer and dosage leaching potassium for two-corn planting season

A glasshouse experiment was conducted to study the effect of biochar and potassium fertilizer on potassium leaching and potassium absorption by maize. A completely randomized block design was used with three replications. There were seven treatments consisting of : Ko : control (no biochar and no KCl), K1: 200 kg KCl, K2 (30 t/ha biochar), K3: (30t/ha biochar + 50 kg/ha KCl), K4: (30t/ha biochar+100 kg KCl), K5:(30 t/ha biochar + 150 kg/ha KCl), K6 : (30 t/ha biochar + 200 kg/ha KCl). The results showed that applications of biochar without potassium fertilizer resulted in leaching, availability and total of potassium soil were high and maximum potassium absorption was 33.95 kg/ha. Potassium absorption from biochar applications did not significantly differ if the treatments were combined with biochar and low application of potassium fertilizer. Application of biochar combinaed with potassium fertilizer did not increased leaching and absorption of potassium by maize

/pdf/pengaruh-penggunaan-biochar-dan-pupuk-kalium-terhadap-19lxbnwm0a.pdf

Widowati Widowati

Papers

The use of biochar to reduce nitrogen and potassium leaching from soil cultivated with maize

Biochar Can Enhance Potassium Fertilization Efficiency and Economic Feasibility of Maize Cultivation

Biochar effect on potassium fertilizer and leaching potassium dosage for two corn planting seasons

Biochar effect at potassium fertilizer and dosage leaching potassium for two-corn planting season

Pengaruh penggunaan biochar dan pupuk kalium terhadap pencucian dan serapan kalium pada tanaman jagung