Summary Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an economically devastating emerging viral disease of cattle. Lumpy skin disease is currently endemic in most African countries and has recently spread out of Africa into the Middle East region. In this article, we review the putative mechanisms of spread of LSD into the Middle East and the risks of further spread into Turkey, Europe and Asia. We also review the latest findings on the epidemiology of LSD, its mechanisms of transmission, the potential role of wildlife in its maintenance and spread and the diagnostic tests and control methods currently available.

Review: lumpy skin disease: an emerging threat to Europe, the Middle East and Asia.

Lumpy skin disease, sheeppox and goatpox are high-impact diseases of domestic ruminants with a devastating effect on cattle, sheep and goat farming industries in endemic regions. In this article, we review the current geographical distribution, economic impact of an outbreak, epidemiology, transmission and immunity of capripoxvirus. The special focus of the article is to scrutinize the use of currently available vaccines to investigate the resource needs and challenges that will have to be overcome to improve disease control and eradication, and progress on the development of safer and more effective vaccines. In addition, field evaluation of the efficacy of the vaccines and the genomic database available for poxviruses are discussed.

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/tbed.12444

Review: Capripoxvirus Diseases: Current Status and Opportunities for Control

Poxviruses and the evolution of host range and virulence.

Chapter 1: Introduction to lumpy skin disease -- Chapter 2: General description of lumpy skin disease -- Chapter 3: Economic impact of lumpy skin disease -- Chapter 4: Geographic distribution of lumpy skin disease -- Chapter 5: Current legislation and trade recommendations. Part I: Lumpy skin disease virus: Chapter 6: Taxonomy -- Chapter 7: Morphology -- Chapter 8: Genome -- Chapter 9: Replication in a host -- Chapter 10: Propagation of the virus in vitro -- Chapter 11: Persistence and stability of the virus -- Chapter 12: Immunity -- Chapter 13: Epidemiology and transmission. Part II: Early detection of lumpy skin disease, diagnostic tools and treatment. Chapter 14: Clinical signs -- Chapter 15: Sample collection and transport -- Chapter 16: Diagnostic tools -- Chapter 17: Treatment of lumpy skin disease. Part III: Control and eradication. Chapter 18: Vaccines against lumpy skin disease and vaccination strategies -- Chapter 19: Slaughter of infected and in-contact animals -- Chapter 20: Animal movement control and quarantine -- Chapter 21: Vector surveillance and control -- Chapter 22: Decontamination and disinfection -- Chapter 23: Active and passive surveillance.

Wilfried Goger

Papers

Real time PCR method for simultaneous detection, quantitation and differentiation of capripoxviruses

Characterization of NKIP: a novel, Na+/K+-ATPase interacting protein mediates neural differentiation and apoptosis.