This invention provides methods of monitoring the expression levels of a multiplicity of genes. The methods involve hybridizing a nucleic acid sample to a high density array of oligonucleotide probes where the high density array contains oligonucleotide probes complementary to subsequences of target nucleic acids in the nucleic acid sample. In one embodiment, the method involves providing a pool of target nucleic acids comprising RNA transcripts of one or more target genes, or nucleic acids derived from the RNA transcripts, hybridizing said pool of nucleic acids to an array of oligonucleotide probes immobilized on surface, where the array comprising more than 100 different oligonucleotides and each different oligonucleotide is localized in a predetermined region of the surface, the density of the different oligonucleotides is greater than about 60 different oligonucleotides per 1 cm2, and the oligonucleotide probes are complementary to the RNA transcripts or nucleic acids derived from the RNA transcripts; and quantifying the hybridized nucleic acids in the array.

Expression monitoring by hybridization to high density oligonucleotide arrays

The development in the field of coordination polymers or metal-organic coordination networks, MOCNs (metal-organic frameworks, MOFs) is assessed in terms of property investigations in the areas of catalysis, chirality, conductivity, luminescence, magnetism, spin-transition (spin-crossover), non-linear optics (NLO) and porosity or zeolitic behavior upon which potential applications could be based.

/pdf/engineering-coordination-polymers-towards-applications-3joywh2v74.pdf

Engineering coordination polymers towards applications

Synthetic Principles for Bandgap Control in Linear pi-Conjugated Systems.

A method and apparatus for preparation of a substrate containing a plurality of sequences. Photoremovable groups are attached to a surface of a substrate. Selected regions of the substrate are exposed to light so as to activate the selected areas. A monomer, also containing a photoremovable group, is provided to the substrate to bind at the selected areas. The process is repeated using a variety of monomers such as amino acids until sequences of a desired length are obtained. Detection methods and apparatus are also disclosed.

Very large scale immobilized polymer synthesis

We review the progress in the theory of one-dimensional (ID) Fermi liquids which has occurred over the past decade. The usual Fermi liquid theory, based on a quasi-particle picture, breaks down in one dimension because of the Peierls divergence in the particle-hole bubble, producing anomalous dimensions of operators, and because of charge-spin separation. Both are related to the importance of scattering processes transferring finite momentum. A description of the low-energy properties of gapless 1D quantum systems can be based on the exactly solvable Luttinger model which incorporates these features, and whose correlation functions can be calculated. Special properties of the eigenvalue spectrum, parameterized by one renormalized velocity and one effective coupling constant per degree of freedom, fully describe the physics of this model. Other gapless 1D models share these properties in a low-energy subspace. The concept of a Luttinger liquid implies that their low-energy properties are described by an effective Luttinger model, and constitutes the universality class of these quantum systems. Once the mapping on the Luttinger model is achieved, one has an asymptotically exact solution of the 1D many-body problem. Lattice models identified as Luttinger liquids include the 1D Hubbard model off half-filling, and variants such as the t-J- or the extended Hubbard model. In addition, 1D electron-phonon systems or metals with impurities can be Luttinger liquids, as well as the edge states in the quantum Hall effect.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/58/9/002/pdf

One-dimensional Fermi liquids

London’s idea that superconductivity might occur in organic macromolecules is examined in the light of the BCS theory of superconductivity. It is shown that the criterion for the occurrance of such a state can be met in certain organic polymers. A particular example is considered in detail. From a realistic estimation of the matrix elements and density of states in this polymer it is concluded that superconductivity should occur even at temperatures well above room temperature. The physical reason for this remarkable high transition temperature is discussed. It is shown further that the superconducting state of these polymers should be distinguished by certain unique chemical properties which could have considerable biological significance.

Possibility of synthesizing an organic superconductor

Receptors are employed to which one or more fluroescent molecules are bound. When the receptors are bound to the epitopic sites on the surface and light of predetermined wave length is directed toward the surface, the fluorescing molecules are activated and fluoresce. In carrying out an assay, receptor is combined with an unknown suspected of containing molecules having the same epitopic sites bound to the surface. The receptor will bind to these molecules reducing the number of receptor sites available for binding to the epitopic sites on the surface. When the assay medium is contacted with the surface, the amount of receptor which binds to the surface, will be a function of available binding sites and, therefore, to the number of the molecules present in the unknown. Upon irradiation of the surface, substantially only the fluoroescent molecules bound to the surface will fluoresce. By monitoring the fluorescence, one can determine the presence and number of molecules of interest present in the unknown. The apparatus consists of a transparent solid sheet, conveniently as part of or optically connected to a prism, a light source set at an angle to provide total internal reflection at the sheet, a cell which includes the reflecting surface as a wall, and a fluorescence detector. Various optics and filters may be employed to modify the light source beam and the fluorescence beam. This work was carried out under a grant of the National Science Foundation.

Fluorescent immunoassay employing total reflection for activation

The thermodynamic fluctuations of the order parameter in a superconductor are shown to be able to cause the decay of a “persistent” current in a ring-shaped conductor. Calculations have been made of the lifetimes of these currents, which indicate that in very thin wires this decay should be detectable. We also show that a true phase transition, distinguished by an infinitely sharp change of resistivity, is possible only in an infinite three-dimensional specimen. In one- and two-dimensional samples, on the other hand, no infinitely sharp change of resistivity occurs but, instead, the resistance drops smoothly and rapidly towards zero as T →> 0°K.

Decay of Persistent Currents in Small Superconductors

A new immunoassay based on fluorescence excitation by internal reflection spectroscopy

The transition temperatures of thin-walled superconducting hollow cylinders of very small diameters (approximately $1\ensuremath{\mu}$) were measured as a function of the applied magnetic field in the axial direction. Oscillations with a period of $\frac{\mathrm{hc}}{2e}$ in the magnetic flux through the cylinder were observed in the transition temperature ${T}_{c}$. This is a consequence of "fluxoid" quantization which was originally predicted by Fritz London. The basic unit of magnetic flux $\frac{\mathrm{hc}}{2e}$ is explained in terms of London's original arguments and the result from the BCS theory that the charge carriers in a superconductor are pairs of electrons. Measurements were made on Sn, In, Pb, Al, and Sn-In alloys. A periodicity in the magnetic flux of $\frac{\mathrm{hc}}{2e}$ was observed in all of the samples. The amplitude of $\ensuremath{\Delta}{T}_{c}$ varied from approximately ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ to ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and depended upon the temperature, the radius, and the mean free path of the cylindrical sample.

William A. Little

Papers

Possibility of synthesizing an organic superconductor

Fluorescent immunoassay employing total reflection for activation

Decay of Persistent Currents in Small Superconductors

A new immunoassay based on fluorescence excitation by internal reflection spectroscopy

Fluxoid Quantization in a Multiply-Connected Superconductor