This critical review provides a processing-structure-property perspective on recent advances in cellulose nanoparticles and composites produced from them. It summarizes cellulose nanoparticles in terms of particle morphology, crystal structure, and properties. Also described are the self-assembly and rheological properties of cellulose nanoparticle suspensions. The methodology of composite processing and resulting properties are fully covered, with an emphasis on neat and high fraction cellulose composites. Additionally, advances in predictive modeling from molecular dynamic simulations of crystalline cellulose to the continuum modeling of composites made with such particles are reviewed (392 references).

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Cellulose nanomaterials review: structure, properties and nanocomposites

Small but strong: A review of the mechanical properties of carbon nanotube–polymer composites

The literature treating mechanisms of catalyst deactivation is reviewed. Intrinsic mechanisms of catalyst deactivation are many; nevertheless, they can be classified into six distinct types: (i) poisoning, (ii) fouling, (iii) thermal degradation, (iv) vapor compound formation accompanied by transport, (v) vapor-solid and/or solid-solid reactions, and (vi) attrition/crushing. As (i), (iv), and (v) are chemical in nature and (ii) and (v) are mechanical, the causes of deactivation are basically three-fold: chemical, mechanical and thermal. Each of these six mechanisms is defined and its features are illustrated by data and examples from the literature. The status of knowledge and needs for further work are also summarized for each type of deactivation mechanism. The development during the past two decades of more sophisticated surface spectroscopies and powerful computer technologies provides opportunities for obtaining substantially better understanding of deactivation mechanisms and building this understanding into comprehensive mathematical models that will enable more effective design and optimization of processes involving deactivating catalysts. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

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Mechanisms of catalyst deactivation

Chapter 1. Introduction.1.1 Strain1.2 Stress.1.3 Mechanical Testing.1.4 Mechanical Responses to Deformation.1.5 How Bonding Influences Mechanical Properties.1.6 Further Reading and References.1.7 Problems.Chapter 2. Tensors and Elasticity.2.1 What Is a Tensor?2.2 Transformation of Tensors.2.3 The Second Rank Tensors of Strain and Stress.2.4 Directional Properties.2.5 Elasticity.2.6 Effective Properties of Materials: Oriented Polycrystals and Composites.2.7 Matrix Methods for Elasticity Tensors.2.8 Appendix: The Stereographic Projection.2.9 References.2.10 Problems.Chapter 3. Plasticity.3.1 Continuum Models for Shear Deformation of Isotropic Ductile Materials.3.2 Shear Deformation of Crystalline Materials.3.3 Necking and Instability.3.4 Shear Deformation of Non Crystalline materials.3.5 Dilatant Deformation of Materials.3.6 Appendix: Independent Slip Systems.3.7 References.3.8 Problems.Chapter 4. Dislocations in Crystals.4.1 Dislocation Theory.4.2 Specification of Dislocation Character.4.3 Dislocation Motion.4.4 Dislocation Content in Crystals and Polycrystals.4.5 Dislocations and Dislocation Motion in Specific Crystal Structures.4.6 References.4.7 Problems.Chapter 5. Strengthening Mechanisms.5.1 Constraint Based Strengthening.5.2 Strengthening Mechanisms in Crystalline Materials.5.3 Orientation Strengthening.5.4 References.5.5 Problems.Chapter 6. High Temperature and Rate Dependent Deformation.6.1 Creep.6.2 Extrapolation Approaches for Failure and Creep.6.3 Stress Relaxation.6.4 Creep and Relaxation Mechanisms in Crystalline Materials.6.5 References.6.6 Problems.Chapter 7. Fracture of Materials.7.1 Stress Distributions Near Crack Tips.7.2 Fracture Toughness Testing.7.3 Failure Probability and Weibull Statistics.7.4 Mechanisms for Toughness Enhancement of Brittle Materials.7.5 Appendix A: Derivation of the Stress Concentration at a Through Hole.7.6 Appendix B: Stress Volume Integral Approach for Weibull Statistics.7.7 References.7.8 Problems.Chapter 8. Mapping Strategies for Understanding Mechanical Properties.8.1 Deformation Mechanism Maps.8.2 Fracture Mechanism Maps.8.3 Mechanical Design Maps.8.4 References.8.5 Problems.Chapter 9. Degradation Processes: Fatigue and Wear.9.1 Cystic Fatigue of materials.9.2 Engineering Fatigue Analysis.9.3 Wear, Friction, and Lubrication.9.4 References.9.5 Problems.Chapter 10. Deformation Processing.10.1 Ideal Energy Approach for Modeling of a Forming Process.10.2 Inclusion of Friction and Die Geometry in Deformation Processes: Slab Analysis.10.3 Upper Bound Analysis.10.4 Slip Line Field Analysis.10.5 Formation of Aluminum Beverage Cans: Deep Drawing, Ironing, and Shaping.10.6 Forming and Rheology of Glasses and Polymers.10.7 Tape Casting of Ceramic Slurries.10.8 References.10.9 Problems.Index.

Mechanical behavior of materials

Natural and biomimetic artificial surfaces for superhydrophobicity, self-cleaning, low adhesion, and drag reduction

List of Symbols.Introduction.Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding.The Structure of Crystalline Solids.Imperfections in Solids.Diffusion.Mechanical Properties of Metals.Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms.Failure.Phase Diagrams.Phase Transformations in Metals: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties.Thermal Processing of Metal Alloys.Metals Alloys.Structures and Properties of Ceramics.Applications and Processing of Ceramics.Polymer Structures.Characteristics, Applications, and Processing of Polymers.Composites.Corrosion and Degradation of Materials.Electrical Properties.Thermal Properties.Magnetic Properties.Optical Properties.Materials Selection and Design Considerations.Economic, Environmental, and Societal Issues in Materials Science and Engineering.Appendix A: The International System of Units (SI).Appendix B: Properties of Selected Engineering Materials.Appendix C: Costs and Relative Costs for Selected Engineering Materials.Appendix D: Mer Structures for Common Polymers.Appendix E: Glass Transition and Melting Temperatues for Common Polymeric Materials.Glossary.Answers to Selected Problems.Index.

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William D. Callister

Papers

Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction