1. An Overview 2. The Role of Emotions in Cognitive Therapy 3. The Therapeutic Relationship: Application to Cognitive Therapy 4. Structure of the Therapeutic Interview 5. The Initial Interview 6. Session by Session Treatment: A Typical Course of Therapy 7. Application of Behavioral Techniques 8. Cognitive Techniques 9. Focus on Target Symptoms 10. Specific Techniques for the Suicidal Patient 11. Interview with a Depressed Suicidal Patient 12. Depressogenic Assumptions 13. Integration of Homework into Therapy 14. Technical Problems 15. Problems Related to Termination and Relapse 16. Group Cognitive Therapy for Depressed Patients Steven D. Hollon and Brian F. Shaw 17. Cognitive Therapy and Antidepressant Medications 18. Outcome Studies of Cognitive Therapy Appendix: Materials *The Beck Inventory *Scale for Suicide Ideation *Daily Record of Dysfunctional Thoughts *Competency Checklist for Cognitive Therapists *Possible Reasons for Not Doing Self-Help Assignments *Research Protocol for Outcome Study at Center for Cognitive Therapy *Further Materials and Technical Aids

Cognitive Therapy of Depression

How people intentionally change addictive behaviors with and without treatment is not well understood by behavioral scientists. This article summarizes research on self-initiated and professionally facilitated change of addictive behaviors using the key transtheoretical constructs of stages and processes of change. Modification of addictive behaviors involves progression through five stages—precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance—and individuals typically recycle through these stages several times before termination of the addiction. Multiple studies provide strong support for these stages as well as for a finite and common set of change processes used to progress through the stages. Research to date supports a transtheoretical model of change that systematically integrates the stages with processes of change from diverse theories of psychotherapy.

http://cedd.org.au/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/In-Search-of-How-People-Change-Applications-to-Addictive-Behaviours.pdf

In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behaviors.

The learned helplessness hypothesis is criticized and reformulated. The old hypothesis, when applied to learned helplessness in humans, has two major problems: (a) It does not distinguish between cases in which outcomes are uncontrollable for all people and cases in which they are uncontrollable only for some people (univervsal vs. personal helplessness), and (b) it does not explain when helplessness is general and when specific, or when chronic and when acute. A reformulation based on a revision of attribution theory is proposed to resolve these inadequacies. According to the reformulation, once people perceive noncontingency, they attribute their helplessness to a cause. This cause can be stable or unstable, global or specific, and internal or external. The attribution chosen influences whether expectation of future helplessness will be chronic or acute, broad or narrow, and whether helplessness will lower self-esteem or not. The implications of this reformulation of human helplessness for the learned helplessness model of depression are outlined.

Learned Helplessness in Humans: Critique and Reformulation

Purpose To develop a guideline to improve the accuracy of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) testing in invasive breast cancer and its utility as a predictive marker. Methods The American Society of Clinical Oncology and the College of American Pathologists convened an expert panel, which conducted a systematic review of the literature and developed recommendations for optimal HER2 testing performance. The guideline was reviewed by selected experts and approved by the board of directors for both organizations. Results Approximately 20% of current HER2 testing may be inaccurate. When carefully validated testing is performed, available data do not clearly demonstrate the superiority of either immunohistochemistry (IHC) or in situ hybridization (ISH) as a predictor of benefit from anti-HER2 therapy. Recommendations The panel recommends that HER2 status should be determined for all invasive breast cancer. A testing algorithm that relies on accurate, reproducible assay performance, including newly...

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American society of clinical oncology/college of american pathologists guideline recommendations for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 testing in breast cancer

cording to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised Third Edition, criteria; and (3) either. Results: Of 393 eligible patients, 243 (62%) completed AUDIT-C and interviews. For detecting heavy drinking, AUDIT-C had a higher AUROC than the full AUDIT (0.891 vs 0.881; P = .03). Although the full AUDIT performed better than AUDIT-C for detecting active alcohol abuse or dependence (0.811 vs 0.786; P<.001), the 2 questionnaires performed similarly for detecting heavy drinking and/or active abuse or dependence (0.880 vs 0.881).

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/articlepdf/208954/ioi70602.pdf

The AUDIT Alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C) : An effective brief screening test for problem drinking

Part I: Context. Why Do People Change? Ambivalence: The Dilemma of Change. Facilitating Change. Part II: Practice. What is Motivational Interviewing? Change and Resistance: Opposite Sides of the Coin. Phase 1: Building Motivation for Change. Responding to Change Talk. Responding to Resistance. Enhancing Confidence. Phase 2: Strengthening Commitment to Change. A Practical Case Example. Ethical Considerations. Part III: Learning Motivational Interviewing. Reflections on Learning. Facilitating Learning. Part IV: Applications of Motivational Interviewing. DiClemente, Velasquez, Motivational Interviewing and the Stages of Change. Burke, Arkowitz, Dunn, The Efficacy of Motivational Interviewing and its Adaptations: What we Know So Far. Resnicow, DiIorio, Soet, Borrelli, Ernst, Hecht, Thevos, Motivational Interviewing in Medical and Public Health Settings. Rollnick, Allison, Ballasiotes, Barth, Butler, Rose, Rosengren, Variations on a Theme: Motivational Interviewing and its Adaptations. Wagner, Sanchez, The Role of Values in Motivational Interviewing. Zweben, Zuckoff, Motivational Interviewing and Treatment Adherence. Baer, Peterson, Motivational Interviewing with Adolescents and Young Adults. Ginsburg, Mann, Rotgers, Weekes, Motivational Interviewing with Criminal Justice Populations. Burke, Vassilev, Kantchelov, Zweben, Motivational Interviewing with Couples. Handmaker, Packard, Conforti, Motivational Interviewing in the Treatment of Dual Disorders. Walters, Ogle, Martin, Perils and Possibilities of Group-Based Motivational Interviewing.

Motivational interviewing: preparing people for change.

Since the initial publication of this classic text, motivational interviewing (MI) has been used by countless clinicians in diverse settings. Theory and methods have evolved apace, reflecting new knowledge on the process of behavior change, a growing body of outcome research, and the development of new applications within and beyond the addictions field. Including 25 nearly all-new chapters, this revised and expanded second edition now brings MI practitioners and trainees fully up to date. William R. Miller and Stephen Rollnick explain how to work through ambivalence to facilitate change, present detailed guidelines for using their approach with a variety of clinical populations, and reflect on the process of learning MI. Chapters contributed by other leading experts then address such special topics as MI and the stages-of-change model; using the approach with groups, couples, and adolescents; and applications to general medical care, health promotion, and criminal justice settings.

Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People to Change Addictive Behavior

Motivational interviewing: Preparing people for change, 2nd ed.

Part I: What Is Motivational Interviewing? Conversations about Change. The Spirit of Motivational Interviewing. The Method of Motivational Interviewing. Part II: Engaging: The Relational Foundation. Engagement and Disengagement. Listening: Understanding the Person's Dilemma. Core Interviewing Skills: OARS. Exploring Values and Goals. Part III: Focusing: The Strategic Direction. Why Focus? Finding the Horizon. When Goals Differ. Exchanging Information. Part IV: Evoking: Preparation for Change. Evoking the Person's Own Motivation. Responding to Change Talk. Responding to Sustain Talk and Discord. Evoking Hope and Confidence. Counseling with Neutrality. Developing Discrepancy. Part V: Planning: The Bridge to Change. Developing a Change Plan. Strengthening Commitment. Supporting Change. Part VI: Motivational Interviewing in Everyday Practice. Experiencing Motivational Interviewing. Applying Motivational Interviewing. Integrating Motivational Interviewing. Part VII: Evaluating Motivational Interviewing. Research Evidence and the Evolution of Motivational Interviewing. Evaluating Motivational Conversations. Appendix A: Glossary of Motivational Interviewing Terms. McLouth, Appendix B: A Bibliography of Motivational Interviewing.

Motivational interviewing: helping people change

ContextAlcohol dependence treatment may include medications, behavioral therapies, or both. It is unknown how combining these treatments may impact their effectiveness, especially in the context of primary care and other nonspecialty settings.ObjectivesTo evaluate the efficacy of medication, behavioral therapies, and their combinations for treatment of alcohol dependence and to evaluate placebo effect on overall outcome.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsRandomized controlled trial conducted January 2001-January 2004 among 1383 recently alcohol-abstinent volunteers (median age, 44 years) from 11 US academic sites with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, diagnoses of primary alcohol dependence.InterventionsEight groups of patients received medical management with 16 weeks of naltrexone (100 mg/d) or acamprosate (3 g/d), both, and/or both placebos, with or without a combined behavioral intervention (CBI). A ninth group received CBI only (no pills). Patients were also evaluated for up to 1 year after treatment.Main Outcome MeasuresPercent days abstinent from alcohol and time to first heavy drinking day.ResultsAll groups showed substantial reduction in drinking. During treatment, patients receiving naltrexone plus medical management (n = 302), CBI plus medical management and placebos (n = 305), or both naltrexone and CBI plus medical management (n = 309) had higher percent days abstinent (80.6, 79.2, and 77.1, respectively) than the 75.1 in those receiving placebos and medical management only (n = 305), a significant naltrexone × behavioral intervention interaction (P = .009). Naltrexone also reduced risk of a heavy drinking day (hazard ratio, 0.72; 97.5% CI, 0.53-0.98; P = .02) over time, most evident in those receiving medical management but not CBI. Acamprosate showed no significant effect on drinking vs placebo, either by itself or with any combination of naltrexone, CBI, or both. During treatment, those receiving CBI without pills or medical management (n = 157) had lower percent days abstinent (66.6) than those receiving placebo plus medical management alone (n = 153) or placebo plus medical management and CBI (n = 156) (73.8 and 79.8, respectively; P<.001). One year after treatment, these between-group effects were similar but no longer significant.ConclusionsPatients receiving medical management with naltrexone, CBI, or both fared better on drinking outcomes, whereas acamprosate showed no evidence of efficacy, with or without CBI. No combination produced better efficacy than naltrexone or CBI alone in the presence of medical management. Placebo pills and meeting with a health care professional had a positive effect above that of CBI during treatment. Naltrexone with medical management could be delivered in health care settings, thus serving alcohol-dependent patients who might otherwise not receive treatment.Trial Registrationclinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00006206

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William R. Miller

Papers

Motivational interviewing: preparing people for change.

Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People to Change Addictive Behavior

Motivational interviewing: Preparing people for change, 2nd ed.

Motivational interviewing: helping people change

Combined Pharmacotherapies and Behavioral Interventions for Alcohol Dependence: The COMBINE Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial