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Background: To investigate the association between migration and HIV infection among migrant and nonmigrant men and their rural partners. Goal: The goal was to determine risk factors for HIV-1 infection in South Africa. Study Design: This was a cross-sectional study of 196 migrant men and 130 of their rural partners as well as 64 nonmigrant men and 98 rural women whose partners are nonmigrant. Male migrants were recruited at work in two urban centers 100 km and 700 km from their rural homes. Rural partners were traced and invited to participate. Nonmigrant couples were recruited for comparison. The study involved administration of a detailed questionnaire and blood collection for HIV testing. Results: Testing showed that 25.9% of migrant men and 12.7% of nonmigrant men were infected with HIV (P = 0.029; odds ratio = 2.4; 95% CI = 1.1–5.3). In multivariate analysis main risk factors for male HIV infection were being a migrant ever having used a condom and having lived in four or more places during a lifetime. Being the partner of a migrant was not a significant risk factor for HIV infection among women; significant risk factors were reporting more than one current regular partner being younger than 35 years and having STD symptoms during the previous 4 months. Conclusion: Migration is an independent risk factor for HIV infection among men. Workplace interventions are urgently needed to prevent further infections. High rates of HIV were found among rural women and the migration status of the regular partner was not a major risk factor for HIV. Rural women lack access to appropriate prevention interventions regardless of their partners’ migration status. (authors)

The impact of migration on HIV-1 transmission in South Africa: a study of migrant and nonmigrant men and their partners.

http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/2820/1/Migrancy%2C_masculinities_amd_AIDS.pdf

Migrancy, masculine identities and AIDS: the psychosocial context of HIV transmission on the South African gold mines

Aim: To examine the hypothesis that circular labour migrants who become seriously ill while living away from home return to their rural homes to convalesce and possibly to die. Methods: Drawing on longitudinal data collected by the Agincourt health and demographic surveillance system in rural northeastern South Africa between 1995 and 2004, discrete time event history analysis is used to estimate the likelihood of dying for residents, short-term returning migrants, and long-term returning migrants controlling for sex, age, and historical period. Results: The annual odds of dying for short-term returning migrants are generally 1.1 to 1.9 times (depending on period, sex, and age) higher than those of residents and long-term returning migrants, and these differences are generally highly statistically significant. Further supporting the hypothesis is the fact that the proportion of HIV/TB deaths among short-term returning migrants increases dramatically as time progresses, and short-term returning migrants account for an increasing proportion of all HIV/TB deaths. Conclusions: This evidence strongly suggests that increasing numbers of circular labour migrants of prime working age are becoming ill in the urban areas where they work and coming home to be cared for and eventually to die in the rural areas where their families live. This shifts the burden of caring for them in their terminal illness to their families and the rural healthcare system with significant consequences for the distribution and allocation of health care resources.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14034950701355619

Returning home to die: circular labour migration and mortality in South Africa.

In South Africa, up to 70% of children of school-going age with disabilities are out of school. Of those who do attend, most are still in separate, “special” schools for learners with disabilities. This situation prevails despite the push for the educational inclusion of learners with disabilities over twelve years ago by the South African policy document, the Education White Paper 6. In this article, we take a primarily top-down theoretical approach to policy implementation and focus on two main factors that hinder the implementation of inclusive education. Firstly, we focus on what we regard as the most significant constraint, namely, the apparent lack of clarity in the policy, i.e. ambiguity about the goals for inclusion and the means through which they can be achieved and, secondly, various issues around the poor implementation of the policy. We argue further that the primary means by which the divide between inclusive policy and practice will ultimately be closed is through the implementation and enforcement of education policy by the South African Department of Education.

/pdf/the-challenges-of-realising-inclusive-education-in-south-3w5ndso71r.pdf

The challenges of realising inclusive education in South Africa

An important symposium on the process and legacy of the TRC that looks at historical and comparative, local and international perspectives, as well as unfinished business and building the assets of the nation. Has South Africa dealt effectively with the past, and is the country ready to face the future? What are the challenges facing both government and civil society in the years ahead? These and other questions are explored in this collection of essays by international and local commentators on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. A range of perspectives on whether the TRC met its objectives of truth and reconciliation is presented. The areas of particular contention - the payment of reparation, the granting of amnesty, and memorialisation - are also examined. Finally, the major challenges facing South Africa are identified, and ways of meeting these challenges and developing the assets of the nation are explored.

After the TRC : reflections on truth and reconciliation in South Africa

A collection of some of the most historic and inspirational addresses by one of the most renowned political leaders of our day.The most stirring voice to come out of South Africa, Nelson Mandela has brought his message of freedom, equality, and human dignity to the entire world. Now, for the first time, his most eloquent and important speeches are collected in a single volume. From the eve of his imprisonment to his release 27 years later, from his acceptance of the Nobel Peace Prize to his election as South Africas first black president, these speeches span some of the most pivotal moments of Mandelas life and of his countrys history. And they memorably illustrate his lasting commitment to freedom and reconciliation, democracy and development, culture and diversity, and international peace.The extraordinary power of this volume is in the moving words and intimate tone of Mandela himself, a living legend and one of the most articulate, courageous, and respected men of our generation.

In His Own Words

This book highlights the fundamentally bounded character of mining and migrancy in South Africa by understanding the complexity and depth of the problem. The book consists mainly of edited papers presented at a conference on Transforming Mine Migrancy in the 1990s . The first section traces: the entrenched character of migrancy and the changes in the system and the history of mine migrancy and the erosion of the classical system of long-distance oscillating migration. The second section focuses on the living conditions of partners and wives with emphasis on the forms of accommodation. The third section explores the health implications of continued reliance on migrancy in the mining industry particularly job stress health and perceptions of migrant mine workers as well as the effect of tuberculosis on the mining industry. The fourth section discusses the developments in the rural source areas of migrant workers with emphasis on Malawian migrant labor and politics prospects of migrant mine labor in Mozambique employment patterns among Lesotho migrants and the macroeconomic statistical evidence from Lesotho. The fifth section deals with the economic causes of the experienced crisis and the responses at the center. The sixth and last chapter presents the future of mine migrancy in southern Africa the changes and potential role of Teba and mine migrancy in a democratic South Africa.

Crossing Boundaries: Mine Migrancy in a Democratic South Africa

Against the backdrop of the heightened racial tensions between coloured and black South Africans, this text explores how the individual interests of distinct racial or ethnic communities can be served without endangering the creation of national unity.

Now that we are free : coloured communities in a democratic South Africa

Depuis 1994, l'Afrique du Sud a pris conscience de la necessite de democratiser son systeme educatif avec comme principaux objectifs l'integration scolaire et l'eradication de la discrimination raciale

Wilmot G. James

Papers

After the TRC : reflections on truth and reconciliation in South Africa

In His Own Words

Crossing Boundaries: Mine Migrancy in a Democratic South Africa

Now that we are free : coloured communities in a democratic South Africa

Education and democracy in South Africa today