[서평]「The Unified Modeling Language User Guide」

Control of Discrete-event Systems provides a survey of the most important topics in the discrete-event systems theory with particular focus on finite-state automata, Petri nets and max-plus algebra. Coverage ranges from introductory material on the basic notions and definitions of discrete-event systems to more recent results. Special attention is given to results on supervisory control, state estimation and fault diagnosis of both centralized and distributed/decentralized systems developed in the framework of the Distributed Supervisory Control of Large Plants (DISC) project. Later parts of the text are devoted to the study of congested systems though fluidization, an over approximation allowing a much more efficient study of observation and control problems of timed Petri nets. Finally, the max-plus algebraic approach to the analysis and control of choice-free systems is also considered. Control of Discrete-event Systems provides an introduction to discrete-event systems for readers that are not familiar with this class of systems, but also provides an introduction to research problems and open issues of current interest to readers already familiar with them. Most of the material in this book has been presented during a Ph.D. school held in Cagliari, Italy, in June 2011. This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems, TACAS '97, held in Enschede, The Netherlands, in April 1997. The book presents 20 revised full papers and 5 tool demonstrations carefully selected out of 54 submissions; also included are two extended abstracts and a full paper corresponding to invited talks. The papers are organized in topical sections on space reduction techniques, tool demonstrations, logical techniques, verification support, specification and analysis, and theorem proving, model checking and applications. The refereed proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Applications and Theory of Petri Nets, ICATPN 2003, held in Eindhoven, The Netherlands, in June 2003. The 25 revised full papers presented together with 6 invited contributions were carefully reviewed and selected from 77 submissions. All current issues on research and development in the area of Petri nets are addressed, in particular concurrent systems design and analysis, model checking, networking, business process modeling, formal methods in software engineering, agent systems, systems specification, systems validation, discrete event systems, protocols, and prototyping. The contents of this volume are application oriented. The volume contains a de tailed presentation of 19 applications of CP-nets, covering a broad range of ap plication areas. Most of the projects have been carried out in an industrial set ting.

Coloured Petri Nets Basic Concepts, Analysis Methods and Practical Use

Modern hardware and software development has led to an evolution of user interfaces from command-line to natural user interfaces for virtual immersive environments. Gestures imitating real-world interaction tasks increasingly replace classical two-dimensional interfaces based on Windows/Icons/Menus/Pointers (WIMP) or touch metaphors. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to survey the state-of-the-art Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) techniques with a focus on the special field of three-dimensional interaction. This includes an overview of currently available interaction devices, their applications of usage and underlying methods for gesture design and recognition. Focus is on interfaces based on the Leap Motion Controller (LMC) and corresponding methods of gesture design and recognition. Further, a review of evaluation methods for the proposed natural user interfaces is given.

Review of Three-Dimensional Human-Computer Interaction with Focus on the Leap Motion Controller

An adaptive learning environment provides personalised information to the learner through self-directed study. An adaptive learning environment model can be subdivided into a learner model, domain model, instructional model and adaptive engine. Personal traits comprise part of the components in a learner model and can be identified either explicitly or implicitly in an adaptive learning environment. In such an environment, the e-learning system should adapt to a learner's needs. However, even though academic research on adaptive learning environments has increased, the field lacks a comprehensive literature analysis of learners' personal traits in these environments. This study conducts a systematic literature review to identify the most commonly used personal traits in modelling the learner and the existing techniques suitable for identifying personal traits in an adaptive learning environment. A total of 140 articles spanning the years 2010–2017 are initially reviewed, from which 78 are selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria relevant to this study. This study provides an overview of learners' personal traits and the techniques used to identify them to provide a basis for improving adaptive learning environments. The findings indicate that most of the previous works used a learning style from the cognition learning domain category to model individual personal traits, while the computer-based detection technique was commonly applied to identify a learner's personal traits in adaptive learning environments. This study reveals the common learner characteristics used to develop learner models and the techniques for implementing such models. The findings of this paper can guide other researchers to recognise various personal traits and the identification technique for further studies, as well as assist developers in the development of the adaptive learning system.

Identification of personal traits in adaptive learning environment: Systematic literature review

Formal verification approaches and standards in the cloud computing

Writing a user story is essential to communicate with end users and developers. It is popular practices found in most agile methodologies. Therefore, to reuse the user stories from the previous successful projects becomes necessary. In this paper, we propose the business process ontology for defining user story. The ontology is a knowledge base designed to collect the user stories in term of N-triple. The ontology schema is designed using classes and hierarchy relation along with the properties according to Role-Action-Object relations. We introduce the synonym property to simplify and reduce the number of the nodes in the ontology as well. Finally, we demonstrate how to initially populate and build the ontology from the historical user stories.

Business process ontology for defining user story

Formal verification is a process to ensure that the business process model and notation (BPMN) design model is free of deadlock, livelock, and other undesirable properties that can cause a system crash. Formal verification is a complicated procedure involving model abstraction and model checking tools used for property checking. There are several existing transformation techniques that yield an abstract model, but the data perspective is not considered. These techniques are also inappropriate for the large-scale BPMN design model. An automated transformation can reduce the flaws, time consumption, and complexity of the large-scale BPMN design model. This paper proposes a transformation technique and provides a framework for transforming the BPMN design models into colored Petri nets (CPNs). Our techniques cover both the control-flow and data-flow perspectives. The partitioning technique of the BPMN design model is applied to reduce the complexity and leads to a CPN model that can support the hierarchical and compositional verification techniques that are suitable for the large-scale BPMN design models. The proposed transformation has been implemented as a transformation framework and is able to consistently transform the BPMN design models into CPN models.

Transformation of the BPMN Design Model into a Colored Petri Net Using the Partitioning Approach

The BPMN design models are widely used in the software development process. Owing to the lack of BPMN standard semantics, formal verification is used to validate whether the BPMN design model is free of undesirable properties. The primary challenges of BPMN design model verification are the enormous size and complexity of BPMN design models; these challenges may lead to time-consuming processes for model abstraction and overcoming the state space explosion problem. This paper proposes a hierarchical verification technique for the state space analysis based on a colored Petri net (CPN). A BPMN partitioning technique and rules for the transformation of a BPMN into a CPN model are provided. The partitioning approach supports the unstructured BPMN design model, and the obtained CPN model also supports hierarchical verification. To validate and analyze the BPMN design model, the transformation technique and state space generator are implemented as a BPMN verification framework. This method is a viable option for the software process designers and is suitable for the large-scale BPMN design model verification.

Hierarchical Verification for the BPMN Design Model Using State Space Analysis

Cloud orchestration helps arrange and coordinate the business processes or workflows to obtain the ultimate and efficient virtual computing resources management. The cloud orchestration standards are introduced to guide the development of the orchestration tools. TOSCA is an important new open cloud standard, introduced and approved by OASIS. Using TOSCA, the cloud providers are able to define the interoperable description of services and their relationships, and to enable the portability and automated management across cloud platforms and infrastructures. However the verification of the cloud orchestration design with TOSCA is still crucial to ensure and alert when the safety properties of the cloud design are violated. We propose an alternative mean to do the formal verification of the cloud orchestration design by superimposing the relevant BPEL of web services over the existing TOSCA description of a cloud orchestration. The resulting formal model of the superimposition between BPEL and TOSCA defines not only the orchestration of the web services but also their service interfaces and the corresponding high level behaviors of the services. In this paper, the safety properties of the cloud orchestration are focused only and defined using the linear temporal logic formula. Our formal model is correctly written in Promela and formally verified using model checker SPIN.

Formal verification of cloud orchestration design with TOSCA and BPEL

The business process model is commonly created as a fundamental high level analysis model. The BPMN is one of the well known and widely used to represent the business process model. Recently, the BPMN workflow patterns are proposed as standardized business process model building blocks. The BPMN workflow patterns also provide the business analysts the common patterns of solutions to various workflow activities in practical way. The verification of BPMN workflow patterns is also essential to provide the better testing strategy in the software development. The infeasible path of the business process will be detected beforehand in the early stages of the software process. The formal model of business process will help either simulate the possible paths or verify the exhaustive search of the infeasible cases. However, the formal model is manually written and difficult to construct. In this paper, we propose an approach to construct formal model of business process model from given BPMN workflow patterns — basic control-flow patterns, and how to systematically generate the PROMELA. The BPMN control-flow patterns are extracted and translated into the PROMELA template. The resulting formal model in PROMELA is finally generated and correctly simulated in SPIN.

Wiwat Vatanawood

Papers

Business process ontology for defining user story

Transformation of the BPMN Design Model into a Colored Petri Net Using the Partitioning Approach

Hierarchical Verification for the BPMN Design Model Using State Space Analysis

Formal verification of cloud orchestration design with TOSCA and BPEL

An approach to construct formal model of business process model from BPMN workflow patterns