Ionic liquids (ILs) offer a wide range of promising applications because of their much enhanced properties. However, further development of such materials depends on the fundamental understanding of their hierarchical structures and behaviors, which requires multiscale strategies to provide coupling among various length scales. In this review, we first introduce the structures and properties of these typical ILs. Then, we introduce the multiscale modeling methods that have been applied to the ILs, covering from molecular scale (QM/MM), to mesoscale (CG, DPD), to macroscale (CFD for unit scale and thermodynamics COSMO-RS model and environmental assessment GD method for process scale). In the following section, we discuss in some detail their applications to the four scales of ILs, including molecular scale structures, mesoscale aggregates and dynamics, and unit scale reactor design and process design and optimization of typical IL applications. Finally, we address the concluding remarks of multiscale strat...

Multiscale Studies on Ionic Liquids

Some of the most active scientific research fronts of the past decade are centered on ionic liquids These fluids present characteristic surface behavior and distinctive trends of their surface tension versus temperature One way to explore and understand their unique nature is to study their surface properties This critical review analyses most of the surface tension data reported between 2001 and 2010 (187 references)

Surface tension of ionic liquids and ionic liquid solutions

Calcium carbonate nano and micro-particles have a large number of industrial applications due to their beneficial properties such as high porosity, high surface area to volume ratio, non-toxicity and biocompatibility towards bodily fluids. Consequently, there has been significant research to deliver easy ways of synthesising nano and micro-sized calcium carbonate particles at specific sizes, polymorphs and morphologies. A majority of their synthesis approaches are based on either the biomimetic or the CO2 bubbling methods. This review paper describes these methods, and the effects of experimental parameters such as additive types and concentration, pH, temperature, [Ca2+] : [CO32−] ratio, solvent ratio, mixing mode and agitation time on the properties of the particles produced. The current and potential uses of calcium carbonate particles in areas such as material filling, biomedical, environmental and the food industry have also been discussed.

Synthesis of micro and nano-sized calcium carbonate particles and their applications

Novel ionic liquid-type Gemini surfactants: Synthesis, surface property and antimicrobial activity

State of art of natural inhibitors of calcium carbonate scaling. A review article

The aggregation behavior and thermodynamic properties of micellization for the ionic liquid-type gemini imidazolium surfactants with different spacer length ([C12–s–C12im]Br2, s = 2, 4, 6) have been investigated by means of surface tension, electrical conductivity, dynamic light scattering and fluorescence measurements. The values of cmc, γ
 cmc, Γ
 max, A
 min, π
 cmc, pc20 and cmc/pc20 suggest that the shorter the spacer, the higher the surface activity of [C12–s–C12im]Br2 is. The cmc and γ
 cmc values are decreased significantly in the presence of sodium halides, and the values decrease in the order NaCl < NaBr < NaI. The thermodynamic parameters of micellization (
 $$\Delta G_{\text{m}}^0 $$
 , $$\Delta H_{\text{m}}^0 $$
 , $$\Delta S_{\text{m}}^0 $$
 ) indicate that the micellization of [C12–2–C12im]Br2 and [C12–4–C12im]Br2 is entropy-driven, whereas aggregation of [C12–6–C12im]Br2 is enthalpy-driven at lower temperature but entropy-driven at higher temperature. Finally, the fluorescence measurements show that the micropolarity of micelles increases but the aggregation numbers decrease with increasing the spacer length of [C12–s–C12im]Br2.

Aggregation and thermodynamic properties of ionic liquid-type gemini imidazolium surfactants with different spacer length

The influence of xanthan on the crystallization of calcium carbonate

CaCo3 crystallization control by poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(propylene oxide)–poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer and O-(hydroxy isopropyl) chitosan

The influence of O-carboxymethylchitosan on the crystallization of calcium carbonate

The interaction between cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) was studied via surface tension and dilational viscoelasticity methods. The effect of sodium bromide and sodium chloride on the interaction between CTAB and β-CD were studied as well. The surface tension isotherms provided a series of parameters, including apparent critical micelle concentration (cmc*), surface tension at the cmc* (γcmc), stoichiometry of the complex (R), and the efficiency of adsorption (pC
 20
 ). The addition of NaBr and NaCl decreases the cmc* of CTAB/β-CD solution. CTAB molecules enter the cavities of β-CD molecules thus formed both 1:1 and 1:2 inclusion complexes. From the change of γcmc, it can be seen that the CTAB/β-CD complexes (1:1) act as short-chain alcohol, which decrease γcmc, but the depression of cmc* is too small to be detected. R first decreases then increases as a function of NaBr and NaCl. Compared to NaCl, NaBr increases R more efficiently. The presence of NaBr and NaCl increases pC
 20
 of CTAB/β-CD solution. The results obtained from the dilational viscoelasticity measurements at low dilational frequencies (0.005–0.1 Hz) reveal that the dilational modulus passes through a maxium value with increasing concentration of β-CD at a given concentration of CTAB. The addition of both NaBr and NaCl decreases the dilational modulus of a given concentration CTAB/β-CD solution.

Xiaodeng Yang

Papers

Aggregation and thermodynamic properties of ionic liquid-type gemini imidazolium surfactants with different spacer length

The influence of xanthan on the crystallization of calcium carbonate

CaCo3 crystallization control by poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(propylene oxide)–poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer and O-(hydroxy isopropyl) chitosan

The influence of O-carboxymethylchitosan on the crystallization of calcium carbonate

Interaction between cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and β-cyclodextrin: surface tension and interfacial dilational viscoelasticity studies