Review of antibiotic resistance in China and its environment

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, serotype distribution, and antibiotic resistance, and to characterize the extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) producing Salmonella isolates from chicken and pork meats from retail markets in Guangdong province, China A total of 903 retail meat samples (475 chicken and 428 pork meats) were obtained from six cities (Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Heyuan, Shaoguan, Foshan, and Yunfu) of Guangdong province between May 2016 and April 2017 High levels of Salmonella contamination were detected in chicken (302/475, 636%) and pork (313/428, 731%) Thirty-eight serotypes were identified in 615 detected Salmonella, and the serotypes varied greatly between chicken and pork samples Agona (55/302, 182%), Corvallis (45/302, 149%), Kentucky (38/302, 126%), Mbandaka (32/302, 106%) was the dominant serotypes in chicken samples However, Typhimurium (78/313, 249%), Rissen (67/313, 241%), Derby (66/313, 211%), and London (48, 153%) were the most common in pork samples High rates of antibiotic resistance were found to sulfisoxazole (468/615, 761%), tetracycline (463/615, 753%), ampicillin (295/615, 480%), and ofloxacin (275/615, 447%) Notably, antimicrobial susceptibility tests identified resistance to polymyxin B (12/615, 20%) and imipenem (3/615, 05%) Multidrug-resistance (MDR) was detected in Salmonella isolated from chicken (245/302, 811%) and pork (229/313, 732%) The resistance rate of different Salmonella serotypes varied widely Especially, isolates such as Typhimurium, Agona, Corvallis and Kentucky exhibited highly resistance to antibiotics The MDR rate of Salmonella isolates from chicken was significantly higher than that from pork isolates (P < 005) Twenty-one Salmonella isolates were identified as ESBLs-producing, covering six Salmonella serotypes and displaying different pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) genotypes BlaOXA-1 was the dominant ESBLs gene (9/21, 429%), followed by blaCTX-M-55 (5/21, 238%) This study indicated that Salmonella was widespread in chicken and pork from retail markets in Guangdong province and the isolates showed high multidrug-resistance, especially the known multidrug-resistant Salmonella serotypes Therefore, it is important to focus on Salmonella serotypes and strengthen the long-term monitoring of MDR Salmonella serotypes in animal-derived foods

/pdf/highly-prevalent-multidrug-resistant-salmonella-from-chicken-3puko3mt72.pdf

Highly Prevalent Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella From Chicken and Pork Meat at Retail Markets in Guangdong, China.

Foodborne disease is one of the most important public health issues worldwide. China faces various and unprecedented challenges in all aspects of the food chain. Data from laboratory-based foodborne disease surveillance systems from 2013 to 2016, as well as different regions and ages, can be found along with differences in the patterns of pathogens detected with diverse characteristics. Vibrio parahaemolyticus has been the leading cause of infectious diarrhea in China, especially among adults in coastal regions. Salmonella has been a serious and widely distributed pathogen responsible for substantial socioeconomic burden. Shigella was mostly identified in Northwest China and the inland province (Henan) with less-developed regions among children under 5 years. Data from foodborne disease outbreak reporting system from 2011 to 2016 showed that poisonous animals and plant factors responsible for most deaths were poisonous mushrooms (54.7%) in remote districts in southwest regions. The biological hazard that caused most cases reported (42.3%) was attributed to V. parahaemolyticus, the leading cause of foodborne outbreaks. In this review, we summarize the recent monitoring approach to foodborne diseases in China and compare the results with those in developed countries.

Trends of foodborne diseases in China: lessons from laboratory-based surveillance since 2011

The prevalence of Salmonella from chicken and pig slaughterhouses in Henan, China and antimicrobial susceptibility of these isolates to antibiotics was determined. From 283 chicken samples and 240 pig samples collected, 128 and 70 Salmonella isolates were recovered with an isolation rate of 45.2 and 29.2% respectively. The predominant serovars in chicken samples were S. enterica serovar Enteritidis, S. enterica serovar Hadar and S. enterica serovar Indiana, while those in pig samples were S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, S. enterica serovar Derby and S. enterica serovar Enteritidis. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was 8.6 and 10.0% for isolates from chickens and pigs respectively, whereas resistance to cefotaxime was 5.5 and 8.6%, respectively. Multidrug resistance (resistance to three or more classes of antimicrobial agent) was markedly higher in pig isolates (57.1%) than in chicken isolates (39.8%). Of particular concern was the detection of ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime co-resistant S. enterica serovar Indiana isolates, which pose risk to public health. All 16 S. enterica serovar Indiana isolates detected were resistant to ciprofloxacin, among which 11 were co-resistant to cefotaxime. The S. enterica serovar Indiana isolates accumulated point mutations in quinolone resistance determination regions of gyrA (S83F/D87G or S83F/D87N) and parC (T57S/S80R). Two plasmid mediated quinolone resistant determinants were found with aac (6')-Ib-cr and oqxAB in 16 and 12 S. enterica serovar Indiana isolates respectively. Cefotaxime-resistance of S. enterica serovar Indiana was associated with the acquisition of a blaCTX-M-65 gene. The potential risk of ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime co-resistant S. enterica serovar Indiana infection is a significant concern due to limited alternative treatment options. Reduction of Salmonella in chicken and pig slaughterhouses, in particular, ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime co-resistant S. enterica serovar Indiana will be an important measure to reduce the public health burden of Salmonella infections.

/pdf/prevalence-of-salmonella-isolates-from-chicken-and-pig-46pyga3wnj.pdf

Prevalence of Salmonella Isolates from Chicken and Pig Slaughterhouses and Emergence of Ciprofloxacin and Cefotaxime Co-Resistant S. enterica Serovar Indiana in Henan, China.

Salmonellosis remains one of the most frequent foodborne zoonosis, constituting a worldwide major public health concern. The most frequent sources of human infections are food products of animal origin, being pork meat one of the most relevant. Currently, particular pig food production well-adapted and persistent Salmonella enterica serotypes (e.g., Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:-, Salmonella Derby and Salmonella Rissen) are frequently reported associated with human infections in diverse industrialized countries. The dissemination of those clinically-relevant Salmonella serotypes/clones has been related to the intensification of pig production chain and to an increase in the international trade of pigs and pork meat. Those changes that occurred over the years along the food chain may act as food chain drivers leading to new problems and challenges, compromising the successful control of Salmonella. Among those, the emergence of antibiotic resistance in non-typhoidal Salmonella associated with antimicrobials use in the pig production chain is of special concern for public health. The transmission of pig-related multidrug-resistant Salmonella serotypes, clones and/or genetic elements carrying clinically-relevant antibiotic resistance genes, frequently associated with metal tolerance genes, from pigs and pork meat to humans, has been reported and highlights the contribution of different drivers to the antibiotic resistance burden. Gathered data strengthen the need for global mandatory interventions and strategies for effective Salmonella control and surveillance across the pig production chain. The purpose of this review was to provide an overview of the role of pig and pork meat in human salmonellosis at a global scale, highlighting the main factors contributing to the persistence and dissemination of clinically-relevant pig-related Salmonella serotypes and clones.

/pdf/non-typhoidal-salmonella-in-the-pig-production-chain-a-3m254kefnl.pdf

Non-typhoidal Salmonella in the Pig Production Chain: A Comprehensive Analysis of Its Impact on Human Health

Background
Non-typhoidal Salmonella is a common cause of infectious diarrhea in humans. Antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella has become a global concern.

http://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/28173/cdc_28173_DS1.pdf

Serotypes, seasonal trends, and antibiotic resistance of non-typhoidal Salmonella from human patients in Guangdong Province, China, 2009–2012

Haff disease is unexplained rhabdomyolysis caused by consumption of fishery products in the previous 24 h. It was first identified in Europe in 1924 but the condition is extremely rare in China. Here we describe a past outbreak of acute food borne muscle poisoning that occurred in Guangdong Province (South China) in 2009. The first full outbreak of Haff disease reported in Jiangsu Province (East China) in 2010, indicated that the incidence of the disease may be increasing in China. We, therefore first retrospectively reviewed epidemiologic, trace-back, environmental studies, and laboratory analyses, including oral toxicity testing to ascertain risk and chemical analysis to identify toxin(s), from the 2009 Guangdong outbreak. Then we compared data from the 2009 outbreak with data from all other Haff disease outbreaks that were available. Clinical symptoms and laboratory findings indicated that the 2009 Guangdong outbreak disease was consistent with rhabdomyolysis. Epidemiologic, trace-back, environmental studies and laboratory analyses implied that the disease was caused by freshwater Pomfrets consumed prior to the onset of symptoms. We also identified common factors between the 2009 Guangdong outbreak and previous Haff disease outbreaks reported around the world, while as with other similar outbreaks, the exact etiological factor(s) of the disease remains unknown. The 2009 Guangdong outbreak of ‘muscle poisoning’ was retrospectively identified as an outbreak of Haff disease. This comprised the highest number of cases reported in China thus far. Food borne diseases emerging in this unusual form and the irregular pattern of outbreaks present an ongoing public health risk, highlighting the need for improved surveillance and diagnostic methodology.

/pdf/a-past-haff-disease-outbreak-associated-with-eating-3t7y5kjmj3.pdf

A past Haff disease outbreak associated with eating freshwater pomfret in South China

The invention relates to a composite gene chip for detecting food pathogenic microbes, which comprises eight parallel sub-arrays constructed by detection probe groups for detecting each microbe in the eight food pathogenic microbes, blank lines are respectively arranged among the eight sub-arrays to be as intervals, thus constructing a big array; the eight food pathogenic microbes are listeria monocytogenes, comma bacillus, vibrio parahaemolyticus, salmonella, shigella, staphylococcus aureus, campylobacter jejuni and escherichia coli. The gene chip can clearly and accurately detect the species of eight target food pathogenic microbes, and also can definitely exclude other off-target microbe samples out of the eight target food pathogenic microbes. Each food pathogenic microbe detection sub-array on the chip can clearly and definitely distinguish off-target microbe samples from target microbe samples.

Xiaoling Deng

Papers

Serotypes, seasonal trends, and antibiotic resistance of non-typhoidal Salmonella from human patients in Guangdong Province, China, 2009–2012

A past Haff disease outbreak associated with eating freshwater pomfret in South China

Composite gene chip for food-borne pathogenic bacteria detection