Dielectric ceramic capacitors, with the advantages of high power density, fast charge-discharge capability, excellent fatigue endurance, and good high temperature stability, have been acknowledged to be promising candidates for solid-state pulse power systems. This review investigates the energy storage performances of linear dielectric, relaxor ferroelectric, and antiferroelectric from the viewpoint of chemical modification, macro/microstructural design, and electrical property optimization. Research progress of ceramic bulks and films for Pb-based and/or Pb-free systems is summarized. Finally, we propose the perspectives on the development of energy storage ceramics for pulse power capacitors in the future.

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Progress and perspectives in dielectric energy storage ceramics

Abstract Next-generation advanced high/pulsed power capacitors rely heavily on dielectric ceramics with high energy storage performance. However, thus far, the huge challenge of realizing ultrahigh recoverable energy storage density ( W rec ) accompanied by ultrahigh efficiency ( η ) still existed and has become a key bottleneck restricting the development of dielectric materials in cutting-edge energy storage applications. Here, we propose a high-entropy strategy to design “local polymorphic distortion” including rhombohedral-orthorhombic-tetragonal-cubic multiphase nanoclusters and random oxygen octahedral tilt, resulting in ultrasmall polar nanoregions, an enhanced breakdown electric field, and delayed polarization saturation. A giant W rec ~10.06 J cm −3 is realized in lead-free relaxor ferroelectrics, especially with an ultrahigh η ~90.8%, showing breakthrough progress in the comprehensive energy storage performance for lead-free bulk ceramics. This work opens up an effective avenue to design dielectric materials with ultrahigh comprehensive energy storage performance to meet the demanding requirements of advanced energy storage applications. 

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Giant energy-storage density with ultrahigh efficiency in lead-free relaxors via high-entropy design

Effect of Ca2+/Hf4+ modification at A/B sites on energy-storage density of Bi0.47Na0.47Ba0.06TiO3 ceramics

Environmentally friendly lead-free dielectric ceramics have attracted wide attention because of their outstanding power density, rapid charge/dischargerate, and superior stability. Nevertheless, as a hot material in dielectric ceramic capacitors, the energy storage performance of Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-based ceramics has been not satisfactory because of their higher remnant polarization value and low dielectric breakdown strength, which is a problem that must be urgently overcome. In this work, the (1 - x) (0.6Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 - 0.4Sr0.7Bi0.2TiO3) - xBa(Mg1/3Ta2/3)O3 (BNST-xBMT) systems were designed based on a dual optimization strategy of domain and bandgap to solve the above problems. As a result, a record-breaking ultrahigh energy density and excellent efficiency (Wrec = 8.58 J/cm3, η = 93.5%) were obtained simultaneously under 565 kV/cm for the BNST-0.08BMT ceramic. The introduction of Sr0.7Bi0.2TiO3 induces the formation of nanodomains in BNT-based ceramics, leading to slim P-E curves, and the further modification of Mg/Ta reduces the grain sizes and increases the bandgap width, resulting in significant enhancement of the dielectric breakdown strength. Moreover, excellent stability and superior discharge performance (Wd = 4.7 J/cm3, E = 320 kV/cm) in the BNST-0.08BMT ceramic were also achieved. The results suggest that the BNST-0.08BMT ceramic shows potential applicability for dielectric energy storage ceramics. Simultaneously, the composition-design concept in the system provides a good reference for the further development of ceramic dielectric capacitors.

Ultrahigh Energy Storage Density and Efficiency in Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-Based Ceramics via the Domain and Bandgap Engineering.

Dielectric capacitor materials with remarkable energy storage density, remarkable power density, and outstanding charging–discharging performance have always been the focus of research. Lead-free Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-based (BNT) relaxors have been deemed as potential dielectric capacitor materials on account of the large maximum polarization (Pmax). However, compared to the wildly studied Pb-based relaxors, the energy density and efficiency of the most reported BNT-based relaxors are still unsatisfactory. In this research, an innovative strategy was designed to improve the energy storage properties of Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3–SrTiO3 (BNT–ST)-based relaxor ferroelectric ceramics, in which the bismuth layer-structured relaxor BaBi2Nb2O9 (BBN) was adopted as the modifier. It was found that the addition of BBN effectively enhanced the relaxation behavior of the BNT–ST ceramic and significantly improved the breakdown strength (BDS), resulting in a remarkable energy storage performance with a high recoverable energy storage density (Wrec) of 3.97 J cm−3 and a high efficiency (η) of 81% was obtained in the 0.98(BNT–ST)–0.02BBN ceramic. Moreover, the ceramic also exhibited good thermal and frequency stabilities, favorable fatigue endurance, along with an ultra-short discharge time (t0.9 – 0.30 μs), a sizable current density of 509.5 A cm−2, and an outstanding power density of 30.57 MW cm−3. All these results suggest the great potential of the BBN-modified BNT–ST ceramics in the energy storage application field. Ultimately, this research also indicates that the BLSF is an active modifier to tailor energy storage properties of the perovskite-structured BNT-based ceramic, which provides a referential idea for the further development of BNT-based energy storage materials.

Significantly tailored energy-storage performances in Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3–SrTiO3-based relaxor ferroelectric ceramics by introducing bismuth layer-structured relaxor BaBi2Nb2O9 for capacitor application

Xiaoyan Tan

Papers

Optimization the energy density and efficiency of BaTiO3-based ceramics for capacitor applications