Serum albumin first appeared in early vertebrates and is present in the plasma of all mammals. Its canonical structure supported by a conserved set of disulfide bridges is maintained in all mammalian serum albumins and any changes in sequence are highly correlated with evolution of the species. Previous structural investigations of mammalian serum albumins have only concentrated on human serum albumin (HSA), most likely as a consequence of crystallization and diffraction difficulties. Here, the crystal structures of serum albumins isolated from bovine, equine and leporine blood plasma are reported. The structure of bovine serum albumin (BSA) was determined at 2.47 A resolution, two crystal structures of equine serum albumin (ESA) were determined at resolutions of 2.32 and 2.04 A, and that of leporine serum albumin (LSA) was determined at 2.27 A resolution. These structures were compared in detail with the structure of HSA. The ligand-binding pockets in BSA, ESA and LSA revealed different amino-acid compositions and conformations in comparison to HSA in some cases; however, much more significant differences were observed on the surface of the molecules. BSA, which is one of the most extensively utilized proteins in laboratory practice and is used as an HSA substitute in many experiments, exhibits only 75.8% identity compared with HSA. The higher resolution crystal structure of ESA highlights the binding properties of this protein because it includes several bound compounds from the crystallization solution that provide additional structural information about potential ligand-binding pockets.

Structures of bovine, equine and leporine serum albumin.

Spectroscopic analysis on the binding interaction of biologically active pyrimidine derivative with bovine serum albumin.

The interaction between silver nanoparticles (SNPs) and Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) was investigated at physiological pH in an aqueous solution using fluorescence spectroscopy. The analysis of fluorescence spectrum and fluorescence intensity indicates that SNPs have a strong ability to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA by both static and dynamic quenching mechanisms. Resonance light scattering (RLS) spectra indicated the formation of a complex between BSA and SNP. The number of binding sites 'n' and binding constants 'K' were determined at different temperatures based on fluorescence quenching. The thermodynamic parameters namely ∆H°, ∆G°, ∆S° were calculated at different temperatures and the results indicate that hydrophobic forces are predominant in the SNP-BSA complex. Negative ∆G° values imply that the binding process is spontaneous. Synchronous fluorescence spectra showed a blue shift which is indicative of increasing hydrophobicity.

Study of Interaction of Silver Nanoparticles with Bovine Serum Albumin Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy

The interactions of 3-carboxyphenoxathiin with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) and Human Serum Albumin (HSA) have been studied by fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy. The binding of 3-carboxyphenoxathiin quenches the BSA and HSA fluorescence, revealing a 1:1 interaction with a binding constant of about 10(5) M(-1). In addition, according to the synchronous fluorescence spectra of BSA and HSA in presence of 3-carboxyphenoxathiin, the tryptophan residues of the proteins are most perturbed by the binding process. Finally, the distance between the acceptor, 3-carboxyphenoxathiin, and the donor, BSA or HSA, was estimated on the basis of the Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET). The fluorescence results are correlated with those obtained from the circular dichroism spectra, which reveal the change of the albumin conformation during the interaction process.

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/15/6/3905/pdf?view=inline

Bovine and human serum albumin interactions with 3-carboxyphenoxathiin studied by fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy.

Characterization of the baicalein–bovine serum albumin complex without or with Cu2+or Fe3+ by spectroscopic approaches

Study of the interaction of an anticancer drug with human and bovine serum albumin: Spectroscopic approach

Epidemiological studies suggest that dietary limonoids and phytosterols offer protection from certain types of cancers. Potential cancer preventive constituents of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) were isolated and identified from ethyl acetate extract. The structures of the compounds were identified by one-dimensional (1H or 13C) and two-dimensional (1H-H and 1H-13C) nuclear magnetic resonance experiments as limonexic acid and beta-sitosterol glucoside (SG). The identified compounds were tested for the potential inhibition of human colon cancer cell (HT-29) proliferation, apoptosis, and also noncancerous cells (COS-1). Cell proliferation, arrest of the cell cycle, and induction of apoptosis were assessed by MTT assay, flow cytometry, and nuclear staining methods, respectively. The MTT assay indicated that both compounds exhibited significant inhibition at various concentrations. These compounds did not show any toxic effects on noncancerous cells. These compounds caused 4-5-fold increases in the counts of G2/M stage cells at 50 microM, indicating a potential role in cell cycle arrest. These findings support the hypothesis that limonoids and phytosterols are effective apoptosis-promoting agents and incorporation of enriched fractions of these compounds in the diet may serve to prevent colon cancer. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the isolation, identification, and cell proliferation assay for limonexic acid and SG from sour orange.

Bioactive compounds from sour orange inhibit colon cancer cell proliferation and induce cell cycle arrest.

A phenol based novel macrocyclic binucleating compartmental ligand N,N-bis(2,6-diiminomethyl-4-methyl-1-hydroxyphenyl)malonoyldicarboxamide was prepared. The complexes were prepared by template method by reacting 2,6-diformyl-4-methylphenol, malonoyl dihydrazide and the metal chlorides of Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Cd(II), Zn(II) and Hg(II) in methanol to get a series of dinuclear complexes. The complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, conductivity measurements, magnetic susceptibility data, IR, UV-Vis, ESR, NMR and FAB mass spectral data. The dinuclear nature of the complexes was confirmed on the basis of elemental analyses, magnetic susceptibility, ESR and FAB mass spectral data. The ligand as well as Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II) and Zn(II) complexes were tested for their antibacterial and antifungal properties against Escherichia coli, Staphyloccocus aureus, Aspergillus niger and Fusarium oxysporum. Magnetic susceptibility measurements of Cu(II), Ni(II) and Co(II) complexes reveal that these complexes exhibit antiferromagnetic coupling behavior due to the presence of two metal ions in close proximity. FAB mass spectrum of the Cu(II) complex gave a clear evidence for the dinuclear nature. The ligand and the complexes were found to be less active against the tested bacteria, but the ligand alone was found active against the fungus Fusarium oxysporum.

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Synthesis, characterization and biological activity of symmetric dinuclear complexes derived from a novel macrocyclic compartmental ligand

Macrocyclic ligands N,N-bis[2,6-diiminomethyl-4-methyl-1-hydroxyphenyl]succinoyl dicarboxamide (H2L1) and N,N-bis[2,6-diiminomethyl-4-methyl-1-hydroxyphenyl]sebacoyl dicarboxamide (H2L2) were synthesized and characterized by various spectral techniques. Macrocyclic di- and tetra-homonuclear phenoxo bridged CuII, CoII, NiII, ZnII, CdII and HgII complexes have been synthesized through the template method by using the precursors 2,6-diformyl-4-methylphenol, succinoyldihydrazide/ sebacoyldihydrazide and respective metal chlorides in 2:2:2/2:2:4 ratio respectively. The synthesized complexes were characterized by i.r., n.m.r., u.v.-vis., FAB-mass, e.s.r., magnetic susceptibility and elemental analyses data. The elemental analyses and FAB-mass spectral data have justified the dinuclear and tetra nuclear structure for the complexes of the ligands H2L1 and H2L2 respectively. The observed low magnetic moment values revealed the existence of antiferromagnetic spin exchange interaction operating between the two metal centers. Electronic data suggested the octahedral geometry for NiII complexes and square pyramidal geometry for CuII, CoII, ZnII, CdII and HgII complexes of both the ligands. The CuII, CoII and ZnII complexes of both the ligands have shown good antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and Fusarium oxysporum and medium to weak antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus when compared to the standard drugs Grisefulvin and Ciprofloxacin respectively.

Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of macrocylic phenoxo-bridged di- and tetra-nuclear complexes from N , N -bis[2,6-diiminomethyl-4-methyl-1-hydroxyphenyl]succinoyl/sebacoyldicarboxamides

End-off compartmental pentadentate Schiff base, 2,6-bis[3′-methyl-2′-carboxamidyliminomethyl(6′,7′)benzindole]-4-methylphenol is synthesized and characterized by 2D NMR experiments and mass spectral techniques. The homodinuclear phenalato bridged end-off compartmental Schiff-base complexes Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Mn(II), Fe(III), VO(IV), Zn(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) have been prepared by the template method using the precursors 2,6-diformyl-4-methylphenol, 3-methyl(6′,7′)-2-benzindolehydrazide and metal chlorides in 1 : 2 : 2 ratio. The complexes are characterized by IR, NMR, UV-vis, FAB-mass, ESR and TGA techniques. Ni(II), Mn(II) and Fe(III) complexes have octahedral geometry, whereas the Cu(II), Co(II), VO(IV), Zn(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) complexes have square pyramidal geometry. Low magnetic moment values for Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Mn(II), Fe(III) and VO(IV) complexes indicate antiferromagnetic spin-exchange interaction between two metal centers. The metal complexes have been screened for their antibacter...

Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of homodinuclear complexes derived from 2,6-bis[3′-methyl- 2′- carboxamidyliminomethyl(6′,7′)benzindole]-4-methylphenol, an end-off compartmental ligand

Y. Jadegoud

Papers

Study of the interaction of an anticancer drug with human and bovine serum albumin: Spectroscopic approach

Bioactive compounds from sour orange inhibit colon cancer cell proliferation and induce cell cycle arrest.

Synthesis, characterization and biological activity of symmetric dinuclear complexes derived from a novel macrocyclic compartmental ligand

Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of macrocylic phenoxo-bridged di- and tetra-nuclear complexes from N , N -bis[2,6-diiminomethyl-4-methyl-1-hydroxyphenyl]succinoyl/sebacoyldicarboxamides

Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of homodinuclear complexes derived from 2,6-bis[3′-methyl- 2′- carboxamidyliminomethyl(6′,7′)benzindole]-4-methylphenol, an end-off compartmental ligand