https://web.mst.edu/~tsai/Published%20papers/Hu-IJHMT-2006-1.pdf

Heat and mass transfer in gas metal arc welding. Part II: The metal

An investigation of ultrashort pulsed laser--induced surface modification due to conditions that result in a superheated melted liquid layer and material evaporation are considered. To describe the surface modification occurring after cooling and resolidification of the melted layer and understand the underlying physical fundamental mechanisms, a unified model is presented to account for crater and subwavelength ripple formation based on a synergy of electron excitation and capillary wave solidification. The proposed theoretical framework aims to address the laser--material interaction in subablation conditions and thus the minimal mass removal in combination with a hydrodynamics-based scenario of the crater creation and ripple formation following surface irradiation with single and multiple pulses, respectively. The development of the periodic structures is attributed to the interference of the incident wave with a surface plasmon wave. Details of the surface morphology attained are elaborated as a function of the imposed conditions, and results are tested against experimental data.

Dynamics of ripple formation on silicon surfaces by ultrashort laser pulses in subablation conditions

The main emphasis of this review is on thermal modelling and prediction of laser welding in metals. However as similar techniques are employed to model conventional welding processes such as arc, resistance and friction, as well as related processes such as alloying, cladding and surface hardening, part of this review is given over to the modelling of these processes where appropriate. The time frame of the review is up to the year 2002.

Thermal modelling of laser welding and related processes: a literature review

This paper presents a theoretical model for describing globular transfer in gas metal arc welding. The heat and mass transfer in the electrode, arc plasma and molten pool are considered in one unified model. Using the volume of fluid method, the transport phenomena are dynamically studied in the following processes: droplet formation and detachment, droplet flight in arc plasma, impingement of droplets on the molten pool and solidification after the arc extinguishes. The simulation of heat and mass transfer in the arc plasma considers the developing surface profile of the electrode and molten pool and also the effect of the flying droplet inside the arc plasma. Furthermore, the heat inputs to the electrode and the molten pool result from the simulation of the arc plasma. In addition, a He–Ne laser in conjunction with the shadow-graphing technique is used to observe the metal-transfer process. The theoretical predictions and experimental results are shown to be in good agreement.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0022-3727/37/18/009/pdf

A unified model of transport phenomena in gas metal arc welding including electrode, arc plasma and molten pool

https://web.mst.edu/~tsai/publications/Zhou-IJHMT-2008-49.pdf

Modeling of transport phenomena in hybrid laser-MIG keyhole welding

https://web.mst.edu/~tsai/Published%20papers/Wang-IJHMT-2001-73.pdf

Y. Wang

Papers

Impingement of filler droplets and weld pool dynamics during gas metal arc welding process