Conducting polymers (CPs), thanks to their unique properties, structures made on-demand, new composite mixtures, and possibility of deposit on a surface by chemical, physical, or electrochemical methodologies, have shown in the last years a renaissance and have been widely used in important fields of chemistry and materials science. Due to the extent of the literature on CPs, this review, after a concise introduction about the interrelationship between electrochemistry and conducting polymers, is focused exclusively on the following applications: energy (energy storage devices and solar cells), use in environmental remediation (anion and cation trapping, electrocatalytic reduction/oxidation of pollutants on CP based electrodes, and adsorption of pollutants) and finally electroanalysis as chemical sensors in solution, gas phase, and chiral molecules. This review is expected to be comprehensive, authoritative, and useful to the chemical community interested in CPs and their applications.

Conducting Polymers in the Fields of Energy, Environmental Remediation, and Chemical–Chiral Sensors

Carbon nanotubes: Sensor properties. A review

Electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on redox polymer/carbon nanotube modified electrodes: a review.

A novel electrochemical sensor for bisphenol A comprising a multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and gold nanoparticle (AuNP) composite modified glassy carbon electrode has been developed. Differential pulse voltammetric and electrochemical impedance characterisation were carried out. Modified electrode architectures with different MWCNT loadings and different numbers of deposited AuNP layers were tested, as well as the influence of pH. Under the best experimental conditions, the sensor exhibited a linear response to BPA from 0.01 μM to 0.7 μM, with a limit of detection of 4 nM, one of the lowest achieved up until now. The reproducibility, repeatability and stability of the sensor were examined and are superior to those reported in the literature using similar architectures for BPA sensors. Perspectives for an impedimetric sensor at micromolar concentrations were also assessed. Finally, the selectivity with respect to common interferents was demonstrated and practical application of the developed modified electrode for the determination of BPA in waters was successfully carried out.

Electrochemical sensor based on multiwalled carbon nanotube and gold nanoparticle modified electrode for the sensitive detection of bisphenol A

https://estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/bitstream/10316/27847/1/Poly%28brilliant%20green%29%20and%20poly%28thionine.pdf

Poly(brilliant green) and poly(thionine) modified carbon nanotube coated carbon film electrodes for glucose and uric acid biosensors.

Poly(brilliant green) (PBG) films were formed on carbon film electrodes (CFE) by electropolymerisation of brilliant green monomer using potential cycling or at fixed potential from different pH solutions The modified electrodes, PBG/CFE, were characterised by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in electrolytes of different pH by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) In order to increase the stability of the polymer film and enhance the response, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were first deposited on CFE and then PBG was formed on top, PBG/CNT/CFE The modified electrodes were applied to the amperometric determination of ascorbic acid (AA) in phosphate buffer pH 70 at 00 V vs saturated calomel electrode (SCE) and the results were compared, the presence of CNT leading to a significant increase in sensitivity An interference study was carried out and good separation between AA and dopamine (DA) peaks was achieved that led to the successful determination of DA without interferences Other interferents: aspirin, acetaminophen, salicylic acid and uric acid exhibited no response on the PBG/CNT/CFE Determination of AA in pharmaceutical samples was successfully performed

Y. Wintersteller

Papers

Poly(brilliant green)/carbon nanotube-modified carbon film electrodes and application as sensors