Biosensors have potentially revolutionized the biomedical field. Their portability, cost-effectiveness, and ease of operation have made the market for these biosensors to grow rapidly. Diabetes mellitus is the condition of having high glucose content in the body, and it has become one of the very common conditions that is leading to deaths worldwide. Although it still has no cure or prevention, if monitored and treated with appropriate medication, the complications can be hindered and mitigated. Glucose content in the body can be detected using various biological fluids, namely blood, sweat, urine, interstitial fluids, tears, breath, and saliva. In the past decade, there has been an influx of potential biosensor technologies for continuous glucose level estimation. This literature review provides a comprehensive update on the recent advances in the field of biofluid-based sensors for glucose level detection in terms of methods, methodology and materials used.

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Recent Advancement in Biofluid-Based Glucose Sensors Using Invasive, Minimally Invasive, and Non-Invasive Technologies: A Review

Enzymatic biosensor based on dendritic gold nanostructure and enzyme precipitation coating for glucose sensing and detection.

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Terahertz Asymmetric S-Shaped Complementary Metasurface Biosensor for Glucose Concentration

Diabetes is a highly prevalent and chronic metabolic disease with a multifactorial etiology and various clinical manifestations. The point-of-care sensing platforms, as miniaturized devices being portable or worn on the body, are ideal approaches for monitoring diabetes, and can significantly improve the life qualities of diabetes patients with great convenience and comfort. In recent years, there have been many attempts for developing these miniaturized platforms. To successfully develop a point-of-care sensing platform for diabetes, there are several interesting questions: What are the mechanisms for sensing diabetes? How many biofluids are there for monitoring diabetes? Which type of biofluids could provide an accurate detection? What are the configurations of the sensing devices for each type of biofluid? Which is the current status for the development of the sensing devices? Which are the commercial devices for monitoring diabetes? This review will highlight our early attempts for addressing these questions. We believe this review could open up exciting opportunities for the development of the next-generation sensing devices for monitoring diabetes, as well as providing the diagnosis and monitoring methods for diabetes patients. 

Review of Point-of-Care Platforms for Diabetes: (1) Sensing

Tackling the challenges of developing microneedle-based electrochemical sensors

Diabetes is a chronic and, according to the state of the art, an incurable disease. Therefore, to treat diabetes, regular blood glucose monitoring is crucial since it is mandatory to mitigate the risk and incidence of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. Nowadays, it is common to use blood glucose meters or continuous glucose monitoring via stinging the skin, which is classified as invasive monitoring. In recent decades, non-invasive monitoring has been regarded as a dominant research field. In this paper, electrochemical and electromagnetic non-invasive blood glucose monitoring approaches will be discussed. Thereby, scientific sensor systems are compared to commercial devices by validating the sensor principle and investigating their performance utilizing the Clarke error grid. Additionally, the opportunities to enhance the overall accuracy and stability of non-invasive glucose sensing and even predict blood glucose development to avoid hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia using post-processing and sensor fusion are presented. Overall, the scientific approaches show a comparable accuracy in the Clarke error grid to that of the commercial ones. However, they are in different stages of development and, therefore, need improvement regarding parameter optimization, temperature dependency, or testing with blood under real conditions. Moreover, the size of scientific sensing solutions must be further reduced for a wearable monitoring system.

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Y. Xue

Papers

Commercial and Scientific Solutions for Blood Glucose Monitoring—A Review