4. Survey of Novel Multiphoton Active Materials 1257 4.1. Multiphoton Absorbing Systems 1257 4.2. Organic Molecules 1257 4.3. Organic Liquids and Liquid Crystals 1259 4.4. Conjugated Polymers 1259 4.4.1. Polydiacetylenes 1261 4.4.2. Polyphenylenevinylenes (PPVs) 1261 4.4.3. Polythiophenes 1263 4.4.4. Other Conjugated Polymers 1265 4.4.5. Dendrimers 1265 4.4.6. Hyperbranched Polymers 1267 4.5. Fullerenes 1267 4.6. Coordination and Organometallic Compounds 1271 4.6.1. Metal Dithiolenes 1271 4.6.2. Pyridine-Based Multidentate Ligands 1272 4.6.3. Other Transition-Metal Complexes 1273 4.6.4. Lanthanide Complexes 1275 4.6.5. Ferrocene Derivatives 1275 4.6.6. Alkynylruthenium Complexes 1279 4.6.7. Platinum Acetylides 1279 4.7. Porphyrins and Metallophophyrins 1279 4.8. Nanoparticles 1281 4.9. Biomolecules and Derivatives 1282 5. Nonlinear Optical Characterizations of Multiphoton Active Materials 1282

Multiphoton Absorbing Materials : Molecular Designs, Characterizations, and Applications

CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS Introduction Physical Properties Optical Properties Mechanical Properties Thermal Properties Magnetooptic Properties Electrooptic Properties Elastooptic Properties Nonlinear Optical Properties GLASSES Introduction Commercial Optical Glasses Specialty Optical Glasses Fused Silica Fluoride Glasses Chalcogenide Glasses Magnetooptic Properties Electrooptic Properties Elastooptic Properties Nonlinear Optical Properties Special Glasses POLYMERIC MATERIALS Optical Plastics Index of Refraction Nonlinear Optical Properties Thermal Properties Engineering Data METALS Physical Properties of Selected Metals Optical Properties Mechanical Properties Thermal Properties Mirror Substrate Materials LIQUIDS Introduction Water Physical Properties of Selected Liquids Index of Refraction Nonlinear Optical Properties Magnetooptic Properties Commercial Optical Liquids GASES Introduction Physical Properties of Selected Gases Index of Refraction Nonlinear Optical Properties Magnetooptic Properties Atomic Resonance Filters APPENDICES Safe Handling of Optical Materials Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Mineralogical or Common Names for Optical Materials Abbreviations for Methods of Preparing Optical Materials and Thin Films Fundamental Physical Constants Units and Conversion Factors

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Handbook of Optical Materials

Mesoporous materials have been synthesized that are composed of hybrid frameworks in which inorganic and organic components have a fixed stoichiometry and are covalently bonded. The creation of UOFMN (unified organically functionalized mesoporous networks) materials incorporates concepts employed in the synthesis of MCM-41 mesoporous silicates, making use of a quaternary ammonium cationic surfactant and a double trialkoxysilyl precursor such as bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane (BTSE) or bis(triethoxysilyl)ethylene (BTSEY). The cetyltrimethylammonium (CTA+) surfactant is removed by extraction with acid, resulting in a high surface area porous organosilicate framework in which Si atoms are bridged by ethane (from BTSE) or ethylene (BTSEY) groups. The channels are wormlike and uniform in diameter. UOFMN materials are more hydrothermally stable than MCM-41 prepared under similar conditions and have thicker pore walls. Ethylene groups in products made with BTSEY can be brominated, the brominated product itself being ...

Mesoporous sieves with unified hybrid inorganic/organic frameworks

Concepts for the incorporation of inorganic building blocks into organic polymers on a nanoscale

Organic/inorganic hybrid materials prepared by the sol−gel approach have rapidly become a fascinating new field of research in materials science. The explosion of activity in this area in the past decade has made tremendous progress in both the fundamental understanding of the sol−gel process and the development and applications of new organic/inorganic hybrid materials. In this review, a brief summary of the research activities in the field of organic/inorganic nanocomposite materials and a general background of the sol−gel chemistry are first given. The emphasis of this report, however, is placed on the synthesis, structure−property response, and potential applications of the organic/inorganic hybrid networks that possess chemical bonding between the organic and inorganic phases, particularly those systems that were developed in our laboratory since 1985.

Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Network Materials by the Sol−Gel Approach

Poly(p-phenylene vinylene)-silica composite: a novel sol-gel processed non-linear optical material for optical waveguides

Femtosecond response and relaxation of the third‐order optical nonlinearity in a newly developed poly (p‐phenylene vinylene)/sol‐gel silica composite are investigated by time‐resolved forward wave degenerate four‐wave mixing, Kerr gate, and transient absorption techniques using 60 fs pulses at 620 nm. Using a theoretical description of two‐ and four‐wave mixing in optically nonlinear media, it is shown that the results obtained from simultaneous use of these techniques yield valuable information on the real and imaginary components of the third‐order susceptibility. In the composite material investigated here, the imaginary component is derived from the presence of a two‐photon resonance at the wavelength of 620 nm used for the present study. This two‐photon resonance is observed as transient absorption of the probe beam induced by the presence of a strong pump beam. It also provides fifth‐order nonlinear response both in transient absorption and in degenerate four‐wave mixing. The fifth‐order contributions are derived from the two‐photon generated excited species which can absorb at the measurement wavelength and therefore modify both the absorption coefficient and the refractive index of the medium.

Third‐order nonlinearity and two‐photon‐induced molecular dynamics: Femtosecond time‐resolved transient absorption, Kerr gate, and degenerate four‐wave mixing studies in poly (p‐phenylene vinylene)/sol‐gel silica film

We have investigated the dynamics of resonant third‐order optical nonlinearity of chemically prepared poly(3‐dodecylthiophene) by the degenerate four wave mixing technique using 60 fs pulses at 620 nm. The measured effective value of χ(3) is 5.5×10−11 esu, sixfold smaller than that obtained with 400 fs pulses, emphasizing the pulse width dependence of effective χ(3) when the relaxation time of the photogenerated excitation responsible for the optical nonlinearity is comparable to the pulse width. Within the resolution of the optical pulse, the rise time of the nonlinear response is instantaneous and the dominant decay occurs within 200 fs, revealing that the short time, nonlinear response is derived from the initially photogenerated excitons. A detailed analysis of the total decay behavior is consistent with the polaron dynamics of the conformational deformation model proposed by Su, Schrieffer, and Heeger for a conjugated linear polymer with bond alternation.

Photoinduced processes and resonant third‐order nonlinearity in poly (3‐dodecylthiophene) studied by femtosecond time resolved degenerate four wave mixing

The temporal behavior of the stimulated Kerr scattering (SKS) from a 1.5-m-long CS2 liquid-core hollow-fiber system is studied by using nanosecond and subpicosecond pump-laser pulses. In both situations the duration of the SKS pulses is much shorter than that of the corresponding pump pulses. With ~20-ns pump pulses, the pulse width of a SKS component that is located within a narrow (~1.1 nm) spectral interval and is generated by the second- or third-order stimulated Raman scattering can be shorter than 2–3 ns. In order to measure the temporal behavior of SKS obtained with ultrashort (0.5 ps) pump pulses, a Michelson-interferometer-grating device is used. The pulse duration of the SKS component within a narrow (~1.2 nm) spectral interval is approximately 260–270 fs with ~0.5-ps pump pulses. Our experimental results are qualitatively consistent with the theoretical consideration of the SKS processes.

Yang Pang

Papers

Poly(p-phenylene vinylene)-silica composite: a novel sol-gel processed non-linear optical material for optical waveguides

Third‐order nonlinearity and two‐photon‐induced molecular dynamics: Femtosecond time‐resolved transient absorption, Kerr gate, and degenerate four‐wave mixing studies in poly (p‐phenylene vinylene)/sol‐gel silica film

Photoinduced processes and resonant third‐order nonlinearity in poly (3‐dodecylthiophene) studied by femtosecond time resolved degenerate four wave mixing

Temporal behavior of stimulated Kerr scattering in a CS 2 liquid-core hollow-fiber system

Picosecond laser-induced transient grating probe of the mechanical properties of high-modulus poly(p-phenylenebenzobisoxazole-2,6-diyl)