In order to fulfill the increasing demand for edible mushrooms and maintain a steady supply throughout the year, it is necessary to domesticate new wild edible mushroom species. In this study, we domesticated Auricularia thailandica, a newly identified edible species that was collected from the wild in Thailand. We compared the growth of A. thailandica in three different growth media: sawdust, wheat husk and sugarcane bagasse. The use of sawdust resulted in the fastest rate of mycelial colonisation at 56.4 ± 1.2 days, pinheads were formed in 14.2 ± 0.4 days and the biological efficiency was 17.1 ± 2.8%. Nutritional analysis showed that A. thailandica contained a higher proportion of protein (12.99 ± 0.05%) and fat (2.93 ± 0.66%) by dry weight than other commercial Auricularia spp. available on the market. The antioxidant potential of A. thailandica varied with the extraction solvent used, and the effective concentration was found to be significantly lower in methanol extract than aqueous extract. Additionally, this species has an attractive reddish orange colour and larger basidiocarps than other commercially available species.

First successful domestication and determination of nutritional and antioxidant properties of the red ear mushroom Auricularia thailandica (Auriculariales, Basidiomycota)

Background Caviar, salt-cured unfertilized roe of sturgeon fish, is a food delicacy associated with royalty and nutritive properties since prehistoric times. The drastic decline in wild sturgeon populations has led to an increased aquaculture production of caviar roe and its substitutes from other species i.e. lumpfish, herring, tobiko, cod, shad and mullet. Fish roes are highly nutritive foods comprising a myriad of biochemical components with several health benefits viz. high quality protein, polyunsaturated fats, vitamins and minerals which are influenced by its biodiversity, fish farming and industrial processing. Scope and approach We provided in this review extensive knowledge regarding interspecies compositional variability among roe produced by different fish species, with respect to the impact of fish farming, different processing methods and storage conditions on caviar/roe quality. Different quality control methods viz. biochemical, analytical and molecular methods, for evaluating caviar authenticity and biodiversity of roe products are summarized as essential tools to assess roe counterfeiting and/or mislabeling. Key findings and conclusions Biochemical markers for discriminating the roe origin (wild vs. domesticated fish) are highlighted with lipid profiles being more efficient than protein analysis. Molecular genetic techniques were also posed as competent species-discriminatory tools. Other underexploited tools were introduced as future perspectives viz. color measurements and computer vision, as rapid non-destructive methods. Intelligent packaging should be sought as a valuable method for monitoring roe freshness. The full health benefits of roe, as a promising functional food, are not yet fully capitalized upon which warrants future research to prove its efficacy using mechanistic and clinical studies.

Caviar and fish roe substitutes: Current status of their nutritive value, bio-chemical diversity, authenticity and quality control methods with future perspectives

The demand for caviar has increased in recent years because of its high nutritional and commercial values Consequently, the wild population of sturgeon has decreased This has shifted the balance 

Sturgeon, Caviar, and Caviar Substitutes: From Production, Gastronomy, Nutrition, and Quality Change to Trade and Commercial Mimicry

Summary
The Gulf Sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi, is an anadromous species of Acipenseridae and native to North America. It currently inhabits and spawns in the upper reaches of seven natal rivers along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico from the Suwannee River, Florida, to the Pearl River, Louisiana, during spring to autumn. Next to the Alligator Gar (Atractosteus spatula), the Gulf Sturgeon is currently the largest fish species occurring in U.S. Gulf Coast rivers, attaining a length of 2.35 m and weights exceeding 135 kg, but historically attained a substantially larger size. Historically, the spawning populations existed in additional rivers from which the species has been wholly or nearly extirpated, such as the Mobile and Ochlockonee rivers, and possibly the Rio Grande River. Most Gulf Sturgeon populations were decimated by unrestricted commercial fishing between 1895–1910. Subsequently most populations remained unrecovered or extirpated due to continued harvest until the 1970s–1980s, and the construction of dams blocking access to ancestral upriver spawning grounds. Late 20th Century harvest bans and net bans enacted by the several Gulf Coast states have stabilized several populations and enabled the Suwannee River population to rebound substantially and naturally. Hatchery supplementation has not been necessary in this regard to date. Sturgeon are resilient and adaptable fishes with a geological history of 150 million years. Research undertaken since the 1970s has addressed many aspects of Gulf Sturgeon life history, reproduction, migration, population biology, habitat requirements, and other aspects of species biology. However, many knowledge gaps remain, prominently including the life history of early developmental stages in the first year of life. Natural population recovery is evident for the Suwannee River population, but seems promising as well for at least four other populations. The Pascagoula and Pearl River populations face a challenging future due a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors. These two populations, and perhaps the Escambia River population, are particularly vulnerable to periodic mass mortality due to major stochastic events including hurricanes, flooding, hypoxia, and toxic spills. The present manuscript provides a comprehensive synthesis of knowledge regarding the Gulf Sturgeon at the organismal and population levels, identifying knowledge gaps as priorities for future research. Topics not treated in the present synthesis include morphology, internal biology, physiology, and endocrinology. Topics only briefly treated include parasites and diseases, contaminants, and sturgeon aquaculture.

/pdf/status-of-scientific-knowledge-recovery-progress-and-future-4fq5n4my9j.pdf

Status of scientific knowledge, recovery progress, and future research directions for the Gulf Sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi Vladykov, 1955

This study investigated the growth performance and nutritional composition of scale artificially cultured cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis. Juveniles were cultured in an open‐culturing cement pool system for 120 days. The body weight increased from 10.21 ± 1.44 g to 570.71 ± 126.32 g from 50 days old to 170 days old, and the average growth rate was 4.67%. The proximate, amino acid and fatty acid compositions of S. pharaonis muscles were analysed every 40 days to compare the quality. The cultured S. pharaonis were rich in essential amino acids (EAAs), functional amino acids (FAAs), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which accounted for 32%, 46%, 28% and 54% (dry weight) respectively. Total amino acids (TAAs) and EAAs exhibited a clear distinction between ages, and significant differences were observed among the levels of individual amino acids, including Pro, Ala, Asp and Lys, which were significantly higher at 130–170 days old than at 50 days old (p < 0.05). Although the total saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and PUFAs were statistically similar between ages, C17:0, C22:6 n‐3 and PUFAs were higher at 130–170 days old than at 50 days old (p < 0.05). The results indicate that large‐scale artificial culture of S. pharaonis can be achieved under the conditions of a cement pool. This study also provides new information regarding the growth performance and nutritional composition of cultured S. pharaonis, which will contribute to the development of aquaculture practices for this species.

Growth performance and nutritional composition of Sepia pharaonis under artificial culturing conditions

The main nutritional composition of caviar obtained from Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii), Amur sturgeon (Acipenser Schrenckii) and Hybrid sturgeon (Huso dauricus ♀× A. schrenkii ♂) cultured in China was characterized. Three caviar samples from each species have been analyzed for proximate chemical composition, amino acids and fatty acids. Moisture content of sturgeon caviars averaged between 47.72%-51.80% and together with crude protein 23.98%-25.55% (wet weight), crude lipid 14.23%-16.22% (wet weight) and ash 3.28%-3.84% (wet weight). Eighteen amino acids were identified in caviar samples, and glutamic acid was the most abundant amino acid (7.29%-7.69%). Total amino acids (TAA) content ranged from 50.31% to 53.54% (dry weight). Essential amino acids (EAA) and delicious amino acids (DAA) accounted for 37.44%-38.04% (dry weight), and 32.64%-32.88% (dry weight) of TAA, respectively. Functional amino acids constituted 55.60%-55.98% (dry weight) of TAA. All of the essential amino acids scores (AAS) were > 1. The monounsaturated fatty acids (38.93%-43.29%, % of total fatty acids) were the main group of fatty acids followed by polyunsaturated fatty acids (29.52%-35.61%, % of total fatty acids) and saturated fatty acids (24.74%-25.44%, % of total fatty acids). The main fatty acids were C16:0, C18:1ω-9, C18:2ω-6, C22:6ω-3 (DHA), and 20:5ω-3 (EPA). The ratio of ω-3 to ω-6 PUFAs in the present study ranged from 0.90 to 1.14. The present study indicated that the caviar from these three species could be considered as good sources of essential amino acids, functional amino acids, DHA and EPA.

/pdf/nutritional-composition-of-caviar-from-three-commercially-anpqmd6kfr.pdf

Nutritional Composition of Caviar from Three Commercially Farmed Sturgeon Species in China

The proximate composition, amino acid and fatty acid composition in the muscle of wild, inshore and offshore cage-cultured large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) were determined to identify nutritional differences. Wild fish groups showed highest content of moisture and crude protein, but lowest lipid content. Offshore cage-cultured fish showed significantly higher content of moisture and crude protein content, but lower crude lipid content than inshore cage-cultured fish. The content of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and alanine was higher in wild large yellow croaker than that of in inshore cage-cultured groups, but similar to offshore cage-cultured fish. Significant lower contents of total amino acids, essential amino acids, non-essential amino acids and flavor-enhancing amino acids content were recorded in two cultured fish groups than those in wild group. While no major differences in fatty acids composition were found between wild and cage-cultured groups except for linoleic acid. The fish from offshore cages has much better nutrient profile than inshore cage-cultured fish, but is still inferior compared to wild fish.

https://jifro.areeo.ac.ir/article_116906_922e9091c241a73f7c59260d48a70362.pdf

Nutrient compositional differentiation in the muscle of wild, inshore and offshore cage-cultured large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea)

Effects of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) powder on growth and fatty acids composition of rotifer Brachionus plicatilis: Effects of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) powder on growth and fatty acids composition of rotifer Brachionus plicatilis

Yangyang Gong

Papers

Nutritional Composition of Caviar from Three Commercially Farmed Sturgeon Species in China

Nutrient compositional differentiation in the muscle of wild, inshore and offshore cage-cultured large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea)

Effects of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) powder on growth and fatty acids composition of rotifer Brachionus plicatilis: Effects of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) powder on growth and fatty acids composition of rotifer Brachionus plicatilis