The Physiology of Will

Liposomes have been considered promising and versatile drug vesicles. Compared with traditional drug delivery systems, liposomes exhibit better properties, including site-targeting, sustained or controlled release, protection of drugs from degradation and clearance, superior therapeutic effects, and lower toxic side effects. Given these merits, several liposomal drug products have been successfully approved and used in clinics over the last couple of decades. In this review, the liposomal drug products approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) are discussed. Based on the published approval package in the FDA and European public assessment report (EPAR) in EMA, the critical chemistry information and mature pharmaceutical technologies applied in the marketed liposomal products, including the lipid excipient, manufacturing methods, nanosizing technique, drug loading methods, as well as critical quality attributions (CQAs) of products, are introduced. Additionally, the current regulatory guidance and future perspectives related to liposomal products are summarized. This knowledge can be used for research and development of the liposomal drug candidates under various pipelines, including the laboratory bench, pilot plant, and commercial manufacturing.

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/4/1372/pdf?version=1645180343

A Review of Liposomes as a Drug Delivery System: Current Status of Approved Products, Regulatory Environments, and Future Perspectives

Liposomes play a significant role in encapsulation of various bioactive compounds (BACs), including functional food ingredients to improve the stability of core. This technology can be used for promoting an effective application in functional food and nutraceuticals. Incorporation of traditional and emerging methods for the developments of liposome for loading BACs resulted in viable and stable liposome formulations for industrial applications. Thus, the advance technologies such as supercritical fluidic methods, microfluidization, ultrasonication with traditional methods are revisited. Liposomes loaded with plant and animal BACs have been introduced for functional food and nutraceutical applications. In general, application of liposome systems improves stability, delivery, and bioavailability of BACs in functional food systems and nutraceuticals. This review covers the current techniques and methodologies developed and practiced in liposomal preparation and application in functional foods.

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1541-4337.12725

Advancements in liposome technology: Preparation techniques and applications in food, functional foods, and bioactive delivery: A review.

Biopolymer-liposome hybrid systems for controlled delivery of bioactive compounds: Recent advances.

Background The application of liposomal system in food area allowing carried and controlled bioactive-molecules release has been considered one of the main strategies used to improve nutrients stability, to increase individualized absorptivity, and to enhance quality-of-food. Scope and approach The preparation methods including traditional and novel technologies and formation mechanism of liposomes are reviewed. Then we discuss how liposomes are designed and applied to alter properties for food quality improvement and nutrient-modification in dairy, beverages, meat and other products. Besides, the changes in liposomal structure and molecules bioavailability within the gastrointestinal tract, along with the cell uptake pathways of liposomes, generally employed adhesion, fusion, endocytosis, lipid exchange, and its relevant factors are emphasized. Key findings and conclusions So far, a rapidly increased achievement of liposomes in food science and nutraceuticals has already gained, and the digestion behavior and the followed absorption mechanism have been explored. For further successful development and wide use of liposomes, promising preparation approaches and safe formula in future study on food must be exploited, albeit with designing the efficacious and targeted deliver in human body.

Research progress on liposomes: Application in food, digestion behavior and absorption mechanism

Gastric emptying refers to a process in which the stomach discharges its contents into the small intestine to further digest and absorb nutrients. Understanding the mechanisms of gastric emptying a...

Mechanisms, physiology, and recent research progress of gastric emptying

Preparation, formation mechanism and in vitro dynamic digestion behavior of quercetin-loaded liposomes in hydrogels

Background During the manufacturing and storage, nutrients in infant formulae are sensitive to oxidative degradation and are prone to form unpleasant smells followed by a reduction in bioaccessibility. Therefore, it is possible to prepare microcapsules by embedding functional ingredients in a homogeneous or heterogeneous matrix. Currently, microcapsules used as carriers in dairy are a relatively promising technology. Scope and approach The differences of nutrients in infant formulae and breast milk, and challenges in the fortification of functional ingredients in infant formulae are reviewed. Then we summarize delivery systems that have been used or could potentially be applied to encapsulate the functional ingredients for infant formulae, such as casein, ethyl cellulose, maltodextrin, whey protein, and Maillard reaction products. Besides, the application of liposomes in the food field and the feasibility of liposomes to deliver nutrients in infant formulae are discussed. Key findings and conclusions Nowadays, microcapsules have shown broad application prospects in food science and nutrition. In particular, liposomes, as biocompatible and biodegradable delivery systems, encapsulate essential nutrients for infants, such as lactoferrin, vitamins, and functional lipids. Despite the relative improvements toward the extension of liposome application, additional efforts for its application in infant formulae must be attempted. For the practical application of liposomes in infant formulae, higher quality wall materials with reasonable price should be developed, and their biological assessment including safety and bioaccessibility, should be performed in the future.

Yangyi Jin

Papers

Research progress on liposomes: Application in food, digestion behavior and absorption mechanism

Mechanisms, physiology, and recent research progress of gastric emptying

Preparation, formation mechanism and in vitro dynamic digestion behavior of quercetin-loaded liposomes in hydrogels

Microcapsule delivery systems of functional ingredients in infant formulae: Research progress, technology, and feasible application of liposomes