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Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar Signal Processing Algorithms

This is a book review of 'The Micro-Doppler Effect in Radar' by V. C. Chen. Artech House, 16 Sussex Street, London, SW1V 4RW, UK. 2011. 290pp + diskette. Illustrated. £90. ISBN 978-1-60807-057-2.

'The Micro-Doppler Effect in Radar' by V.C. Chen

This paper reviews recent progress of portable short-range noncontact microwave radar systems for motion detection, positioning, and imaging applications. With the continuous advancements of modern semiconductor technologies and embedded computing, many functionalities that could only be achieved by bulky radar systems in the past are now integrated into portable devices with integrated circuit chips and printed circuits boards. These portable solutions are able to provide high motion detection sensitivity, excellent signal-to-noise ratio, and satisfactory range detection capability. Assisted by on-board signal processing algorithms, they can play important roles in various areas, such as health and elderly care, veterinary monitoring, human-computer interaction, structural monitoring, indoor tracking, and wind engineering. This paper reviews some system architectures and practical implementations for typical wireless sensing applications. It also discusses potential future developments for the next-generation portable smart radar systems.

A Review on Recent Progress of Portable Short-Range Noncontact Microwave Radar Systems

Hyperspectral Imaging: Techniques for Spectral Detection and Classification is an outgrowth of the research conducted over the years in the Remote Sensing Signal and Image Processing Laboratory (RSSIPL) at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County. It explores applications of statistical signal processing to hyperspectral imaging and further develops non-literal (spectral) techniques for subpixel detection and mixed pixel classification. This text is the first of its kind on the topic and can be considered a recipe book offering various techniques for hyperspectral data exploitation. In particular, some known techniques, such as OSP (Orthogonal Subspace Projection) and CEM (Constrained Energy Minimization) that were previously developed in the RSSIPL, are discussed in great detail. This book is self-contained and can serve as a valuable and useful reference for researchers in academia and practitioners in government and industry.

Hyperspectral Imaging Techniques For Spectral Detection And Classification

This paper presents a portable radar system for short-range localization, inverse synthetic aperture radar imaging, and vital sign tracking. The proposed sensor incorporates frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) and interferometry (Doppler) modes, which enable this radar system to obtain both absolute range information and tiny vital signs (i.e., respiration and heartbeat) of human targets. These two different operation modes can be switched through an on-board microcontroller. To simplify the system, the proposed radar utilizes the audio card of a laptop to sample the baseband signal. The FMCW mode of the radar uses operational-amplifier-based circuits to generate an analog sawtooth signal and a reference pulse sequence (RPS). The RPS is locked to the sawtooth signal to obtain coherence for the radar system. For the interferometry mode, a low-intermediate-frequency modulation method is implemented to avoid the slow vital signs from being distorted by the high-pass filter of the audio card. Several experiments were carried out to reveal the capability and distinct operational features of the proposed portable hybrid radar. The experiments also showed that the system can easily detect glass, which is usually difficult to identify for optical-based sensors. In addition, 2-D scanning in a complex environment revealed that the proposed radar was able to differentiate human targets from other objects. Moreover, ISAR images were used to isolate moving human targets from surrounding clutter. Finally, the proposed radar also demonstrated its ability to accurately measure vital signs when a human subject sits still.

A Portable FMCW Interferometry Radar With Programmable Low-IF Architecture for Localization, ISAR Imaging, and Vital Sign Tracking

Industrial wind turbines are large constructions that require in-field monitoring. In this paper, short-range Doppler radar signatures of wind turbines are both mathematically analyzed and practically verified through simulations and experiments. Two custom-designed radar prototypes that operate at the $C$ and $K$ bands, respectively, are employed in the acquisition campaign. The unique features of the radar signal—in particular, some observed energetic flashes in the time-Doppler map—appear as curved lines for specific acquisition scenarios and/or for nonstraight blades. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the use of high-frequency radar systems is beneficial in terms of improved spectrogram resolution. Experimental results coming from a 50-m-height wind turbine and a curved-blade 12-m-height turbine are also discussed, in this paper, in the context of the provided theoretical and simulation frameworks. This paper paves the way for noncontact structural health monitoring of industrial-type wind turbines through portable low-cost Doppler radar sensors.

Short-Range Doppler-Radar Signatures from Industrial Wind Turbines: Theory, Simulations, and Measurements

This paper presents a novel hybrid indoor localization solution that combines a wearable K-band trajectory-tracking Doppler radar with an ultra-wideband (UWB) positioning system. A K-band Doppler radar aided with a three-axis digital gyroscope is used to capture the Doppler frequency and the change in the heading direction, thus constantly tracking the trajectory by integrating speed into position change. In order to remove the error accumulated during the integration process, UWB positioning is adopted in a fixed region. Every time a subject walks into the region that is reliably monitored by the UWB positioning system, the location of the subject and the heading direction are calibrated by the UWB measurement result. Details of the tracking theory is presented. Experiments were carried out to demonstrate the advantage of the proposed Doppler-UWB system for short-range indoor localization.

Short-range indoor localization using a hybrid doppler-UWB system

Falling, which will cause serious physiological and psychological injuries, is a common health problem for senior people all around the world. Currently, with the increasing demands for fall detection and prevention, a large numbers of systems are developed and tested using different technologies. For all-time prevention of falls in daily life, an experimental study on a novel fall prevention system using wearable FMCW radar is presented in this paper. A wearable radar prototype was built, and attached to the front of a subject's shoe to detect any potential obstacle on the walking path. Experiment results are analyzed to demonstrate the feasibility of fall prevention using wearable radar.

An experimental study on the feasibility of fall prevention using a wearable K-band FMCW radar

Structural health monitoring (SHM) of wind turbines can be carried out through inexpensive noncontact radar systems. This paper reports the first steps for the proper deployment of a network of radar sensors around the wind turbine, which may provide useful information to reliably detect possible defects or malfunctioning. In particular, the echo features for a 50-m-height wind turbine when illuminated by a 24-GHz Doppler radar from different near positions are carefully studied and evaluated in a simulated scenario. The performed simulations are in close agreement with the experimental results obtained through a 24-GHz radar gun. As main conclusions, this analysis reveals the convenience of employing high-frequency radar systems for the sensor network and situating the radars on the ground.

Yao Tang

Papers

A Portable FMCW Interferometry Radar With Programmable Low-IF Architecture for Localization, ISAR Imaging, and Vital Sign Tracking

Short-Range Doppler-Radar Signatures from Industrial Wind Turbines: Theory, Simulations, and Measurements

Short-range indoor localization using a hybrid doppler-UWB system

An experimental study on the feasibility of fall prevention using a wearable K-band FMCW radar

A step forward towards radar sensor networks for structural health monitoring of wind turbines