The history of human development has proven that medical and healthcare applications for humanity always are the main driving force behind the development of science and technology. The advent of Cloud technology for the first time allows providing systems infrastructure as a service, platform as a service and software as a service. Cloud technology has dominated healthcare information systems for decades now. However, one limitation of cloud-based applications is the high service response time. In some emergency scenarios, the control and monitoring of patient status, decision-making with related resources are limited such as hospital, ambulance, doctor, medical conditions in seconds and has a direct impact on the life of patients. To solve these challenges, optimal computing technologies have been proposed such as cloud computing, edge computing, and fog computing technologies. In this article, we make a comparison between computing technologies. Then, we present a common architectural framework based on fog computing for Internet of Health Things (Fog-IoHT) applications. Besides, we also indicate possible applications and challenges in integrating fog computing into IoT Healthcare applications. The analysis results indicated that there is huge potential for IoHT applications based on fog computing. We hope, this study will be an important guide for the future development of fog-based Healthcare IoT applications.

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Smart healthcare IoT applications based on fog computing: architecture, applications and challenges.

The Internet of Things (IoT) has radically transformed how patient information and healthcare monitoring are monitored and recorded and has revolutionized the area by ensuring regular 24 × 7 tracking without costly and restricted human resources and with a low mistake probability. The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is a subsection of the Internet of things (IoT) that uses medical equipment as things or nodes to enable cost-effective and efficient patient monitoring and recording. The IoMT can cope with a wide range of problems, including observing patients in hospitals, monitoring patients in their homes, and assisting consulting physicians and nurses in monitoring health conditions at regular intervals and issuing warning signals if emergency care is necessary. EEG signals, electrocardiograms (ECGs), blood sugar levels, blood pressure levels, and other conditions can be examined. In crucial situations, quick and real-time analysis is essential, and failure to provide careful attention can be fatal. A cloud-based IoT platform cannot handle these latency-sensitive conditions. Fog computing (FC) is a novel paradigm for assigning, processing, and storing resources to IoT devices with limited resources. Where substantial processing power or storage is required, all nodes in a fog computing scheme can delegate their jobs to local fog nodes rather than forwarding them to the cloud module at a greater distance. Identifying potential security risks and putting in place adequate security measures are critical. This work aims to examine a blockchain (BC) as a potential tool for mitigating the impact of these difficulties in conjunction with fog computing. This research shows that blockchain can overcome fog computing’s privacy and security concerns. It also discusses blockchain’s issues and limitations from the perspective of fog computing (FC) and the IoMT.

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Blockchain-Based Solutions Supporting Reliable Healthcare for Fog Computing and Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) Integration

Edge Enabled IoT System Model for Secure Healthcare

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging communication technology which connects all of the network-enabled devises in all of the world. It is being pervasively utilized in the variety industrial applications such as infrastructure monitoring, utilities, controlling, mission-critical, and security-sensitive applications. Similar to other conventional networks, the IoT applications are also vulnerable to the different kinds of security breaches, threats, and attacks. To mitigate such related problems, various cryptographic, trust-based approaches, and models have been presented in the literature. To address the issue, this paper presents a subjective survey study on IoT trust security and challenges to investigate solutions provided for trust management & handling in the IoT context. The subjective survey is designed based on the commonalities and differences of the presented state-of-the-arts in literature. Then, it classifies the studied state-of-the-art schemes that are based on the trust handling method and summarizes their main contributions and properties. A comparison on the various published papers of these trust-based schemes is tabulated based on the relevant concepts and evaluation metrics derived from literature. Therefore, the paper highlights potentials, existing gaps, and the future research direction in the trust management of the IoT context for further processing and improvement. 

A survey study on trust-based security in Internet of Things: Challenges and issues

A metaheuristic virtual machine placement framework toward power efficiency of sustainable cloud environment

Nowadays, fog computing as a complementary facility of cloud computing has attracted great attentions in research communities because it has extraordinary potential to provide resources and processing services requested for applications at the edge network near to users. Recent researchers focus on how efficiently engage edge networks capabilities for execution and supporting of IoT applications and associated requirement. However, inefficient deployment of applications’ components on fog computing infrastructure results bandwidth and resource wastage, maximum power consumption, and unpleasant quality of service (QoS) level. This paper considers reduction of bandwidth wastage in regards to application components dependency in their distributed deployment. On the other hand, the service reliability is declined if an application’s components are deployed on a single node for the sake of power consumption management viewpoint. Therefore, a mechanism for tackling single point of failure and application reliability enhancement against failure are presented. Then, the components deployment is formulated to a multi-objective optimization problem with minimization perspective of both power consumption and total latency between each pair of components associated to applications. To solve this combinatorial optimization problem, a multi-objective cuckoo search algorithm (MOCSA) is presented. To validate the work, this algorithm is assessed in different conditions against some state-of the arts. The simulation results prove the amount 42%, 29%, 46%, 13%, and 5% improvement of proposed MOCSA in terms of average overall latency respectively against MOGWO, MOGWO-I, MOPSO, MOBA, and NSGA-II algorithms. Also, in term of average total power consumption the improvement is about 43%, 28%, 41%, 30%, and 32% respectively.

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Yaser Ramzanpoor

Papers

Multi-objective fault-tolerant optimization algorithm for deployment of IoT applications on fog computing infrastructure