Get the phase diagram information you need at a price you can afford. Key Features: Peer reviewed by the Japanese Committee for Alloy Phase Diagrams. Updated through April 2000. Total number of diagrams = 2,332 (605 are new of greatly revised diagrams; among these 171 are not in Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd Edition). Approximately 600 crystal structure tables of systems for which phase diagrams are unknown. You've been asking for a simple book containing just binary phase diagrams and crystal structure data. Desk Handbook: Phase Diagrams for Binary Alloys meets this need, and it presents the most current information. Updates the previous print compilation of binary phase diagrams by 10 years. Presents diagrams in consistent size. Shows the principal axis in atomic per cent, with a secondary axis in weight per cent. Includes an introductory article on phase diagrams and their use. Gives reference to the original literature source. This volume is the latest outgrowth of the phase diagram activity in which ASM International has been involved since 1978.

Desk handbook phase diagrams for binary alloys

http://www.mne.psu.edu/sfnm/Publications1_files/Purdue/1-s2.0-S0010218013003039-main.pdf

Aluminum agglomeration reduction in a composite propellant using tailored Al/PTFE particles

Highly reactive metastable intermixed composites (MICs) have attracted much attention in the past decades. The MIC family of materials mainly includes traditional metal-based nanothermites, novel core-shell-structured, 3D ordered macroporous-structured, and ternary nanocomposites. By applying special fabrication approaches, highly reactive MICs with uniformly dispersed reactants, "layer-by-layer" or "core-shell" structures, can be prepared. Thus, the combustion performance can be greatly improved, and the ignition characteristics and safety can be precisely controlled by using a certain preparation strategy. Here, the preparation and characterization of the MICs that have been developed during the past few decades are summarized. Traditional preparation methods for MICs generally include physical mixing, high-energy ball milling, sol-gel synthesis, and vapor deposition, while the novel methods include self-assembly, electrophoretic deposition, and electrospinning. Various preparation procedures and the ignition and combustion performance of different MIC reactive systems are compared and discussed. In particular, the advantages of novel structured MICs in terms of safety and combustion efficiency are clarified, based on which suggestions regarding the possible future research directions are proposed.

Highly Reactive Metastable Intermixed Composites (MICs): Preparation and Characterization

Micrometer-sized aluminum is widely used in energetics; however, performance of propellants, explosives, and pyrotechnics could be significantly improved if its ignition barriers could be disrupted. We report morphological, thermal, and chemical characterization of fuel rich aluminum-polytetrafluoroethylene (70–30 wt-%) reactive particles formed by high and low energy milling. Average particle sizes range from 15–78 μm; however, specific surface areas range from approx. 2–7 m2 g−1 due to milling induced voids and cleaved surfaces. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy reveal uniform distribution of PTFE, providing nanoscale mixing within particles. The combustion enthalpy was found to be 20.2 kJ g−1, though a slight decrease (0.8 kJ g−1) results from extended high energy milling due to α-AlF3 formation. For high energy mechanically activated particles, differential scanning calorimetry in argon shows a strong, exothermic pre-ignition reaction that onsets near 440 °C and a second, more dominant exotherm that onsets around 510 °C. Scans in O2-Ar indicate that, unlike physical mixtures, more complete reaction occurs at higher heating rates and the reaction onset is drastically reduced (approx. 440 °C). Simple flame tests reveal that these altered Al-polytetrafluoroethylene particles light readily unlike micrometer-sized aluminum. Safety testing also shows these particles have high electrostatic discharge (89.9–108 mJ), impact (>213 cm), and friction (>360 N) ignition thresholds. These particles may be useful for reactive liners, thermobaric explosives, and pyrolants. In particular, the altered reactivity, large particle size and relatively low specific surface area of these fuel rich particles make them an interesting replacement for aluminum in solid propellants.

Altering Reactivity of Aluminum with Selective Inclusion of Polytetrafluoroethylene through Mechanical Activation

The biological agents that can be weaponized, such as Bacillus anthracis, pose a considerable potential public threat. Bacterial spores, in particular, are highly stress resistant and cannot be completely neutralized by common bactericides. This paper reports on synthesis of metal iodate-based aluminized electrospray-assembled nanocomposites which neutralize spores through a combined thermal and chemical mechanism. Here metal iodates (Bi(IO3)3, Cu(IO3)2, and Fe(IO3)3) act as a strong oxidizer to nanoaluminum to yield a very exothermic and violent reaction, and simultaneously generate iodine as a long-lived bactericide. These microparticle-assembled nanocomposites when characterized in terms of reaction times and temporal pressure release show significantly improved reactivity. Furthermore, sporicidal performance superior to conventional metal-oxide-based thermites clearly shows the advantages of combining both a thermal and biocidal mechanism in spore neutralization.

Metal Iodate-Based Energetic Composites and Their Combustion and Biocidal Performance.

Ignition and combustion of mechanically alloyed Al–Mg powders with customized particle sizes

Ignition and combustion of Al·Mg alloy powders prepared by different techniques

Three binary Al-based reactive composite powders are prepared by mechanical milling. The particles have an aluminum matrix and inclusions of Fe, Ni, or Zn comprising 10 at % of the bulk composition. For additives of Ni and Zn, only short milling times can be used to prepare composites; intermetallic phases form at longer milling. Short milling times yield relatively coarse particles with flake-like shapes. Prepared powders are characterized using electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Oxidation and ignition of the materials are studied using thermal analysis and heated-filament ignition, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis shows selective oxidation of Zn and Ni at low temperatures, prior to a characteristic first step of Al oxidation. At higher temperatures, the powders oxidize following, qualitatively, the stepwise process reported earlier for the pure Al powders. The magnitude and kinetics of the low-temperature aluminum oxidation steps are substantially affected by the presence of the metal in...

Aluminum-Metal Reactive Composites

Burn times and temperatures were measured optically for a set of mechanically alloyed Al·Mg powders injected into a laminar and a turbulent air-acetylene flame. Magnesium concentrations varied from 10 to 53 mole%; particle sizes were in the range of 1–50 μm. Emission from the burning particles at 700 nm, 800 nm, and 900 nm was captured using three filtered photomultiplier tubes. The burn times were correlated with particle sizes using measured statistical distributions for both times and sizes. The measured trends for burn times, t, as a function of particle size, d, for all alloys were approximated by a t = a·dn law, where the exponent n varied from 0.6 to 1. Shorter burn times were measured in more turbulent flows; respectively, the values of pre-exponent, a, decreased and exponent, n, increased slightly with an increased level of turbulence. An increase in Mg concentration led to longer burn times for the alloy particles for all flame conditions. For all compositions, alloy particles burned longer than...

Combustion of Mechanically Alloyed Al∙Mg Powders in Products of a Hydrocarbon Flame

Previous work showed that particles of mechanically alloyed Al·Mg powders burn faster than aluminum. However, such powders were coarser than fine aluminum commonly used in energetic formulations. This work addresses preparation of mechanically alloyed Al·Mg powders in which both internal structures and particle size distributions are adjusted. Powders with 50–90 at.% Al were prepared and characterized. Milling protocol was optimized to prepare equiaxial, micron-scale particles. Ignition temperatures measured using an electrically heated filament were much lower than those of pure Al powders and are close to those of Mg. Powders were aerosolized and ignited in air; the maximum pressure was higher, rates of pressure rise were greater, and ignition delays were shorter for the mechanically alloyed powders than for pure Al with directly comparable particle size distributions. Individual particle combustion experiments used laser ignition and showed that the alloyed particles burn in two stages, with the first ...

Yasmine Aly

Papers

Ignition and combustion of mechanically alloyed Al–Mg powders with customized particle sizes

Ignition and combustion of Al·Mg alloy powders prepared by different techniques

Aluminum-Metal Reactive Composites

Combustion of Mechanically Alloyed Al∙Mg Powders in Products of a Hydrocarbon Flame

Reactive, Mechanically Alloyed Al·Mg Powders with Customized Particle Sizes and Compositions