Theoretical formulation, Navier's solutions of rectangular plates, and finite element models based on the third-order shear deformation plate theory are presented for the analysis of through-thickness functionally graded plates. The plates are assumed to have isotropic, two-constituent material distribution through the thickness, and the modulus of elasticity of the plate is assumed to vary according to a power-law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents. The formulation accounts for the thermomechanical coupling, time dependency, and the von Karman-type geometric non-linearity. Numerical results of the linear third-order theory and non-linear first-order theory are presented to show the effect of the material distribution on the deflections and stresses. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Analysis of functionally graded plates

The dynamic thermoelastic response of functionally graded cylinders and plates is studied. Thermomechanical coupling is included in the formulation, and a finite element model of the formulation is developed. The heat conduction and the thermoelastic equations are solved for a functionally graded axisymmetric cylinder subjected to thermal loading. In addition, a thermoelastic boundary value problem using the first-order shear deformation plate theory (FSDT) that accounts for the transverse shear strains and the rotations, coupled with a three-dimensional heat conduction equation, is formulated for a functionally graded plate. Both problems are studied by varying the volume fraction of a ceramic and a metal using a power law distribution.

Thermomechanical analysis of functionally graded cylinders and plates

This paper presents a review of the principal developments in functionally graded materials (FGMs) with an emphasis on the recent work published since 2000. Diverse areas relevant to various aspects of theory and applications of FGM are reflected in this paper. They include homogenization of particulate FGM, heat transfer issues, stress, stability and dynamic analyses, testing, manufacturing and design, applications, and fracture. The critical areas where further research is needed for a successful implementation of FGM in design are outlined in the conclusions. DOI: 10.1115/1.2777164

https://web.mst.edu/~vbirman/papers/Modeling%20and%20Analysis%20of%20FGM_Review_2007.pdf

Modeling and Analysis of Functionally Graded Materials and Structures

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01389078/document

A computational approach to handle complex microstructure geometries

Functionally graded materials: A review of fabrication and properties

The motion of ceramic particles in a molten metal of a viscous liquid under a centrifugal force is numerically modeled to study the formation process of composition gradients. The simulated results are in good agreement with those of experiments that used a plaster-corundum model functionally graded material (FGM). It is found that greater gradients are obtained in cases of thinner thickness, greater applied centrifugal forces and smaller mesh size particles. In addition, the processing of mixed mesh size particles is examined. We conclude that the use of a mixture of particle sizes is particularly useful to control the composition of metal-ceramic FGMs manufactured by the centrifugal method.

Control of composition gradient in a metal-ceramic functionally graded material manufactured by the centrifugal method

Computer simulation was carried out for an estimation of the effect of centrifugal force on the formation of graded distribution of solid spherical particles within molten metal. The difference of migration rate between two kinds of spherical particles with different diameter and density was calculated taking account of the application of a centrifugal solid-particle method. Based on the systematic analysis, the capability of fabrication of the functionally graded materials ring with a unique density gradients which comprise the graded distributions of two kinds of solid particles is discussed. The unique gradient was essentially achieved due to the preferential movement of large particles with low density in comparison to small particles with high density.

Theoretical study on fabrication of functionally graded material with density gradient by a centrifugal solid-particle method

Elastic Analysis for Thick-Walled Tubes of Functionally Graded Material Subjected to Internal Pressure

A method for evaluating the water application rate (WAR) and uniformity coefficient (Cu) of overlapping irrigation sprinklers is given for realistic field conditions which includes wind drift of the sprinkler spray. The method requires as input — the geometry of the sprinkler arrangement, trajectories of water drops from the sprinkler nozzle as calculated by the equations of motion and the WAR distribution (discharge) profile of a single sprinkler experimentally observed under windless conditions. Wind direction with respect to the main sprinkler line is shown to have a small effect on Cu and is assumed to be parallel to the main line. Results show that the effect of wind drift of sprinkler spray on Cu can be neglected for wind velocities less than 1 ms−1 (Fig. 8). Analysis of simulated discharge profiles (Table 1) shows that the maximum value of the uniformity coefficient was obtained with triangular sprinkler discharge profiles at low values of spacing, changing to trapezoidal profiles as the spacing increases (Figs. 8 and 9). The effect of nozzle pressure on WAR was evaluated for the pressure range between 294 and 490 kPa and an optimum layout of overlapping sprinklers, designed to minimize the effect of wind drift and nozzle pressure on the uniformity of WAR distribution, is presented.

Computer evaluation of sprinkler irrigation uniformity

The purpose of the present study was to develop a wear-resistant, light Al-Al3Ti composite material. An Al-Al3Ti composite specimen was machined from a thick-walled tube of Al-Al3Ti functionally graded material (FGM) manufactured by the centrifugal method from a commercial ingot of Al-5 mass pct Ti master alloy. The alloy was heated to a temperature where solid Al3Ti particles resided in a liquid Al matrix, and then the centrifugal method was carried out. Al3Ti particles in a commercial alloy ingot exist as platelets, and this shape was maintained through the casting. Three kinds of wear specimens were prepared, taking into account the morphology of the Al3Ti particles in the thick-walled FGM tube; the Al3Ti particles were arranged with their platelet planes nearly normal to the radial direction as a result of the applied centrifugal force. The wear resistance of the Al-Al3Ti composite was significantly higher than that of pure Al. Wear-resistance anisotropy and dissolution of the Al3Ti into the Al matrix at the near-surface region, around 100 µm in depth, were also observed. The mechanism of the supersaturated-layer formation and the origin of the anisotropic wear resistance are discussed.

Yasuyoshi Fukui

Papers

Control of composition gradient in a metal-ceramic functionally graded material manufactured by the centrifugal method

Theoretical study on fabrication of functionally graded material with density gradient by a centrifugal solid-particle method

Elastic Analysis for Thick-Walled Tubes of Functionally Graded Material Subjected to Internal Pressure

Computer evaluation of sprinkler irrigation uniformity

Wear behavior of Al-Al 3 Ti composite manufactured by a centrifugal method