This book, written by two major figures in adaptive control, provides a wealth of material for researchers, practitioners, and students. While some researchers in adaptive control may note the absence of a particular topic, the book‘s scope represents a high-gain instrument. It can be used by designers of control systems to enhance their work through the information on many new theoretical developments, and can be used by mathematical control theory specialists to adapt their research to practical needs. The book is strongly recommended to anyone interested in adaptive control.

Adaptive Control

In this Chapter, we imagine a decision maker (or a group of experts) trying to establish or examine fair procedures to combine opinions about alternatives related to different points of view.

Multiple criteria decision making

Due to increasing concerns about global warming, greenhouse gas emissions, and the depletion of fossil fuels, the electric vehicles (EVs) receive massive popularity due to their performances and efficiencies in recent decades. EVs have already been widely accepted in the automotive industries considering the most promising replacements in reducing CO2 emissions and global environmental issues. Lithium-ion batteries have attained huge attention in EVs application due to their lucrative features such as lightweight, fast charging, high energy density, low self-discharge and long lifespan. This paper comprehensively reviews the lithium-ion battery state of charge (SOC) estimation and its management system towards the sustainable future EV applications. The significance of battery management system (BMS) employing lithium-ion batteries is presented, which can guarantee a reliable and safe operation and assess the battery SOC. The review identifies that the SOC is a crucial parameter as it signifies the remaining available energy in a battery that provides an idea about charging/discharging strategies and protect the battery from overcharging/over discharging. It is also observed that the SOC of the existing lithium-ion batteries have a good contribution to run the EVs safely and efficiently with their charging/discharging capabilities. However, they still have some challenges due to their complex electro-chemical reactions, performance degradation and lack of accuracy towards the enhancement of battery performance and life. The classification of the estimation methodologies to estimate SOC focusing with the estimation model/algorithm, benefits, drawbacks and estimation error are extensively reviewed. The review highlights many factors and challenges with possible recommendations for the development of BMS and estimation of SOC in next-generation EV applications. All the highlighted insights of this review will widen the increasing efforts towards the development of the advanced SOC estimation method and energy management system of lithium-ion battery for the future high-tech EV applications.

A review of lithium-ion battery state of charge estimation and management system in electric vehicle applications: Challenges and recommendations

A review on electrochemical double-layer capacitors

Critical review of the methods for monitoring of lithium-ion batteries in electric and hybrid vehicles

An optimal design and control technology of a wheel motor is proposed for small electric passenger cars. The axial-flux sandwich-type disc motor is designed with a rotor embedded with neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) magnets and two plates of stators, and is directly mounted inside the wheel without mechanical transmission and differential gears. Sensitivity analyses are performed to choose critical design parameters, which are the most influential in design objectives, to maximize the driving torque, efficiency, rated speed, and to minimize the weight of motor under various constraints of size, materials, and power sources. The optimal driving current waveform is proven to be the same as the fundamental harmonic of the back electromotive force to produce maximum torque with least ripples. The finite-element refinement results in the motor prototype with a maximum torque over 38 kgmiddotm and a corresponding torque density of about 1.72 kgmiddotm/kg at the maximum allowable phase current of 50.25 A (rms). Two such rear driving wheels are able to drive a 600 kg passenger car to accelerate from 0 to 40 km/h in 5 s on a 15 degree incline. This dedicated wheel motor is applicable to pure or hybrid electric vehicles as a promising solution to the direct-driven electric vehicle

Optimal Design and Control of a Wheel Motor for Electric Passenger Cars

We propose an improved method for angular displacement estimation based on Hall-effect sensors for driving a brushless permanent-magnet (PM) motor. The control current with an angle that leads the back electromotive force is then determined to extend the speed range of the motor. Traditionally, Hall-effect signals are measured by both the capture interrupt and periodic timer interrupt functions before the angular displacement is precisely estimated with a digital signal processor. Unfortunately, the capture interrupt function is highly sensitive to external noise. The proposed method retains the periodic timer interrupt function and simplifies the estimation operation, so that the controller is robust to external disturbances. We used the improved method to adjust the phase lead angle for driving both a surface-mounted-PM motor and an interior-PM synchronous motor. Experimental results show that the improved angular displacement estimation effectively rejects noise and is 2.9 times faster than the traditional approach.

Improved Angular Displacement Estimation Based on Hall-Effect Sensors for Driving a Brushless Permanent-Magnet Motor

We have applied multiobjective optimal design to a brushless dc wheel motor. The resulting axial-flux permanent-magnet motor has high torque-to-weight ratio and motor efficiency and is suitable for direct-driven wheel applications. Because the disk-type wheel motor is built into the hub of the wheel, no transmission gears or mechanical differentials are necessary and overall efficiency is thereby increased and weight is reduced. The dedicated motor was modeled in magnetic circuits and designed to meet the specifications of an optimization scheme, subject to constraints such as limited space, current density, flux saturation, and driving voltage. In this paper, two different motor configurations of three and four phases are illustrated. Finite-element analyses are then carried out to obtain the electromagnetic, thermal, and modal characteristics of the motor for modification and verification of the preliminary design. The back-electromotive forces of prototypes are examined for control strategies of current driving waveforms.

Design and control of axial-flux brushless DC wheel motors for electric Vehicles-part I: multiobjective optimal design and analysis

http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/64129/1/2008_JPS.pdf

Yee-Pien Yang

Papers

Optimal Design and Control of a Wheel Motor for Electric Passenger Cars

Improved Angular Displacement Estimation Based on Hall-Effect Sensors for Driving a Brushless Permanent-Magnet Motor

Design and control of axial-flux brushless DC wheel motors for electric Vehicles-part I: multiobjective optimal design and analysis

Multivariable robust control of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell system

Current distribution control of dual directly driven wheel motors for electric vehicles