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Table Of Integrals Series And Products

Carrier Interferometry (CI) provides wideband transmission protocols with frequency-band selectivity to improve interference rejection, reduce multipath fading, and enable operation across non-continuous frequency bands. Direct-sequence protocols, such as DS-CDMA, are provided with CI to greatly improve performance and reduce transceiver complexity. CI introduces families of orthogonal polyphase codes that can be used for channel coding, spreading, and/or multiple access. Unlike conventional DS-CDMA, CI coding is not necessary for energy spreading because a set of CI carriers has an inherently wide aggregate bandwidth. Instead, CI codes are used for channelization, energy smoothing in the frequency domain, and interference suppression. CI-based ultra-wideband protocols are implemented via frequency-domain processing to reduce synchronization problems, transceiver complexity, and poor multipath performance of conventional ultra-wideband systems. CI allows wideband protocols to be implemented with space-frequency processing and other array-processing techniques to provide either or both diversity combining and sub-space processing. CI also enables spatial processing without antenna arrays. Even the bandwidth efficiency of multicarrier protocols is greatly enhanced with CI. CI-based wavelets avoid time and frequency resolution trade-offs associated with conventional wavelet processing. CI-based Fourier transforms eliminate all multiplications, which greatly simplifies multi-frequency processing. The quantum-wave principles of CI improve all types of baseband and radio processing.

Multicarrier sub-layer for direct sequence channel and multiple-access coding

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Overview of Multicarrier CDMA Systems Channel Model Performance of MC-CDMA System Performance of Overlapping Multicarrier DS-CDMA Systems Performance of Multicarrier DS-CDMA-I Systems Performance of AMC DS-CDMA Systems Performance of SFH/MC DS-CDMA Systems Chapter Summary and Conclusion 
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Overview of Multicarrier CDMA

New high-data-rate multimedia services and applications are evolving continuously and exponentially increasing the demand for wireless capacity of fifth-generation (5G) and beyond. The existing radio frequency (RF) communication spectrum is insufficient to meet the demands of future high-data-rate 5G services. Optical wireless communication (OWC), which uses an ultra-wide range of unregulated spectrum, has emerged as a promising solution to overcome the RF spectrum crisis. It has attracted growing research interest worldwide in the last decade for indoor and outdoor applications. OWC offloads huge data traffic applications from RF networks. A 100 Gb/s data rate has already been demonstrated through OWC. It offers services indoors as well as outdoors, and communication distances range from several nm to more than 10 000 km. This paper provides a technology overview and a review on optical wireless technologies, such as visible light communication, light fidelity, optical camera communication, free space optical communication, and light detection and ranging. We survey the key technologies for understanding OWC and present state-of-the-art criteria in aspects, such as classification, spectrum use, architecture, and applications. The key contribution of this paper is to clarify the differences among different promising optical wireless technologies and between these technologies and their corresponding similar existing RF technologies.

A Comparative Survey of Optical Wireless Technologies: Architectures and Applications

In this paper, the performance of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is characterized in a downlink visible light communication system for two separate cases. In the case of guaranteed quality of service (QoS) provisioning, we derive an analytical expression of the system coverage probability and show the existence of optimal power allocation coefficients on two-user paired NOMA. In the case of opportunistic best-effort service provisioning, we formulate a closed-form expression of the ergodic sum rate, which is applicable for arbitrary power allocation strategies. The probability that NOMA achieves higher individual rates than OMA is derived. Also, we give an upper bound of the sum rate gain of NOMA over OMA in the high signal-to-noise ratio regime. Both the theoretical and simulation results prove that the performance gain of NOMA over OMA can be further enlarged by pairing users with distinctive channel conditions. We also find out that the choice of light emitting diodes (LEDs) have a significant impact on the system performance. In the case of guaranteed QoS provisioning, the LEDs with larger semi-angles have better performance; while in the case of opportunistic best-effort service provisioning, the LEDs with 35° semi-angle give nearly optimal performance.

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Performance Evaluation of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access in Visible Light Communication

Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication using visible light communication (VLC) technology under fog conditions is presented. Fog is known as one of the most detrimental atmospheric conditions that causes outdoor optical wireless communications to be unreliable. The effect of the fog conditions is experimentally analyzed in the VLC-based V2V system. Recognizing the least attenuation coefficient and a taillight color of a vehicle, a red light-emitting diode (LED) was employed in the experiment. In addition, a Fresnel lens and multiple photodiodes are utilized to efficiently counteract the impairment caused by fog. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed VLC-based V2V system offers a reliable V2V data transmission over the fog-impaired optical channel with a relatively high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), even under a heavy-fog condition.

Experimental Demonstration of VLC-Based Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications Under Fog Conditions

Downlink visible light communication (VLC) using a mobile phone camera is presented. The proposed scheme consists of an 8 × 8 light-emitting diode (LED) array for data transmission and eight white LEDs for an adequate level of illumination. The white LEDs are also used to acquire camera focus and light metering. Moreover, an efficient rotation compensation feature is provided in the form of a special header frame called keyframe to allow multiple users to receive the data simultaneously at 90°, 180°, and 270° orientations. Unlike conventional LED allocation methods for the rotation compensation, this keyframe-based method improves the data rate significantly. The experimental results demonstrate that the data rate achieves up to 1280 bps, whereas the theoretical simulations exhibit a potential data rate of up to 5120 bps using the identical LED array. The proposed scheme can be considered to be an efficient short-range camera-based VLC in an indoor environment with advanced features such as illumination, relatively high data rate, and robust camera rotation compensation for multiuser access.

Mobile Phone Camera-Based Indoor Visible Light Communications With Rotation Compensation

In this letter, we propose spatial diversity reception of non-line-of-sight (NLOS) ultraviolet (UV) communication in turbulent atmospheric channel. The turbulent atmospheric channel causes fluctuation in the received signal intensity of a UV system, resulting in power loss and subsequent performance degradation at the receiver. To mitigate this adverse effect, we present the spatial diversity reception in the form of dual-branch switch and stay combining (SSC) at the receiver. That is, one branch is only connected to the receiver at any instant using appropriate switching logic. The channels are assumed to be exponentially correlated in space, while irradiance fluctuation due to turbulence is modeled by a Gamma–Gamma distribution with parameters directly related to the attributes of the NLOS UV link. Analytic expressions for both the outage probability and the average symbol error probability are derived using the SSC diversity technique with the correlated receivers.

Non-Line-of-Sight Ultraviolet Communication With Receiver Diversity in Atmospheric Turbulence

In a multiuser bidirectional visible light communication (VLC), a large number of LEDs or an LED array needs to be allocated in an efficient manner to ensure sustainable data rate and link quality. Moreover, in order to support an increasing or decreasing number of users in the network, the LED allocation is required to be performed dynamically. In this paper, a novel smart LED allocation scheme for efficient multiuser VLC networks is presented. The proposed scheme allocates RGB LEDs to multiple users in a dynamic and efficient fashion, while satisfying illumination requirements in an indoor environment. The smart LED array comprised of RGB LEDs is divided into sectors according to the location of the users. The allocated sectors then provide optical power concentration toward the users for efficient and reliable data transmission. An algorithm for the dynamic allocation of the LEDs is also presented. To verify its effective resource allocation feature of the proposed scheme, simulations were performed. It is found that the proposed smart LED allocation scheme provides the effect of optical beamforming toward individual users, thereby increasing the collective power concentration of the optical signals on the desirable users and resulting in significantly increased data rate, while ensuring sufficient illumination in a multiuser VLC environment.

Smart LED allocation scheme for efficient multiuser visible light communication networks

OCC is a pragmatic version of VLC based on a smart device camera that allows easier implementation of various services in smart devices. This article presents a flexible and novel motion detection scheme over a smart device camera in OCC. The motion detection is conducted in conjunction with a static downlink optical camera communication, where a mobile phone front camera is employed as the receiver and an 8 x 8 dot matrix LED as the transmitter. In addition to the 8 x 8 dot matrix LED for data transmission, 10 white LEDs are also employed for providing illumination, acquiring camera focus, and light metering. The motion detection or MoC is designed to detect the user's finger movement through the OCC link via the camera. A simple but efficient quadrant division based motion detection algorithm is proposed for reliable and accurate detection of motion. The experiment and simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme is able to detect motion with a success probability of up to 96 percent in the mobile phone camera based OCC. It is envisioned that the proposed motion detection can facilitate cost-effective and convenient smart home environments in the OCC, where the provision of illumination and short-range wireless communications has already been addressed.

Yeon Ho Chung

Papers

Experimental Demonstration of VLC-Based Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications Under Fog Conditions

Mobile Phone Camera-Based Indoor Visible Light Communications With Rotation Compensation

Non-Line-of-Sight Ultraviolet Communication With Receiver Diversity in Atmospheric Turbulence

Smart LED allocation scheme for efficient multiuser visible light communication networks

Optical Camera Communication: Motion over Camera