Enterprise systems often produce a large volume of logs to record runtime status and events. Anomaly detection from system logs is crucial for service management and system maintenance. Most existing log-based anomaly detection methods use log event indexes parsed from log data to detect anomalies. Those methods cannot handle unseen log templates and lead to inaccurate anomaly detection. Some recent studies focused on the semantics of log templates but ignored the information of parameter values . Therefore, their approaches failed to address the abnormal logs caused by parameter values. In this article, we propose HitAnomaly, a log-based anomaly detection model utilizing a hierarchical transformer structure to model both log template sequences and parameter values. We designed a log sequence encoder and a parameter value encoder to obtain their representations correspondingly. We then use an attention mechanism as our final classification model. In this way, HitAnomaly is able to capture the semantic information in both log template sequence and parameter values and handle various types of anomalies. We evaluated our proposed method on three log datasets. Our experimental results demonstrate that HitAnomaly has outperformed other existing log-based anomaly detection methods. We also assess the robustness of our proposed model on unstable log data.

HitAnomaly: Hierarchical Transformers for Anomaly Detection in System Log

Service-oriented 5G mobile systems are commonly believed to reshape the landscape of the Internet with ubiquitous services and infrastructures. The micro-services architecture has attracted significant interests from both academia and industry, offering the capabilities of agile development and scale capacity. The emerging mobile edge computing is able to firmly maintain efficient resource utility of 5G systems, which can be empowered by micro-services. However, such capabilities impose significant challenges on micro-services system management. Although substantial data are produced for system maintenance, the interleaved temporal-spatial information has not been fully exploited. Additionally, the flooding data impose heavy pressures on automatic analysis tools. Automated digestion of data is in an urgent need for system maintenance. In this paper, we propose a new learning-based anomaly detection framework for service-provision systems with micro-services architectures using service execution logs (temporally) and query traces (spatially). It includes two major parts: logging and tracing representation, and two-stage identification via a sequential model and temporal-spatial analysis. The experimental results show that the temporal-spatial features can accurately capture the nature of operational data. The proposed framework performs well on anomaly detection, and helps gain in-depth insights of large-scale systems.

An Intelligent Anomaly Detection Scheme for Micro-Services Architectures With Temporal and Spatial Data Analysis

The detection of anomalies is an essential data mining task for achieving security and reliability in computer systems. Logs are a common and major data source for anomaly detection methods in almost every computer system. Recent studies have focused predominantly on one-class deep learning methods on manually specified log representations. The main limitation is that these models are not able to learn log representations describing the semantic differences between normal and anomaly logs, leading to a poor generalization on unseen logs. We propose Logsy, a classification-based method to learn log representations that allow to distinguish between normal system log data and anomaly samples from auxiliary log datasets, easily accessible via the internet. The idea behind such an approach to anomaly detection is that the auxiliary dataset is sufficiently informative to enhance the representation of the normal data, yet diverse to regularize against overfitting and improve generalization. We perform several experiments on publicly available datasets to evaluate the performance and properties, where we show improvement of 0.25 in F1 compared to previous methods.

Self-Attentive Classification-Based Anomaly Detection in Unstructured Logs

Logs are semi-structured text generated by logging statements in software source code. In recent decades, software logs have become imperative in the reliability assurance mechanism of many software systems because they are often the only data available that record software runtime information. As modern software is evolving into a large scale, the volume of logs has increased rapidly. To enable effective and efficient usage of modern software logs in reliability engineering, a number of studies have been conducted on automated log analysis. This survey presents a detailed overview of automated log analysis research, including how to automate and assist the writing of logging statements, how to compress logs, how to parse logs into structured event templates, and how to employ logs to detect anomalies, predict failures, and facilitate diagnosis. Additionally, we survey work that releases open-source toolkits and datasets. Based on the discussion of the recent advances, we present several promising future directions toward real-world and next-generation automated log analysis.

A Survey on Automated Log Analysis for Reliability Engineering.

Log anomaly detection is an efficient method to manage modern large-scale Internet of Things (IoT) systems. More and more works start to apply natural language processing (NLP) methods, and in particular word2vec, in the log feature extraction. Word2vec can extract the relevance between words and vectorize the words. However, the computing cost of training word2vec is high. Anomalies in logs are dependent on not only an individual log message but also on the log message sequence. Therefore, the vector of words from word2vec can not be used directly, which needs to be transformed into the vector of log events and further transformed into the vector of log sequences. To reduce computational cost and avoid multiple transformations, in this paper, we propose an offline feature extraction model, named LogEvent2vec, which takes the log event as input of word2vec to extract the relevance between log events and vectorize log events directly. LogEvent2vec can work with any coordinate transformation methods and anomaly detection models. After getting the log event vector, we transform log event vector to log sequence vector by bary or tf-idf and three kinds of supervised models (Random Forests, Naive Bayes, and Neural Networks) are trained to detect the anomalies. We have conducted extensive experiments on a real public log dataset from BlueGene/L (BGL). The experimental results demonstrate that LogEvent2vec can significantly reduce computational time by 30 times and improve accuracy, comparing with word2vec. LogEvent2vec with bary and Random Forest can achieve the best F1-score and LogEvent2vec with tf-idf and Naive Bayes needs the least computational time.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/9/2451/pdf

LogEvent2vec: LogEvent-to-Vector Based Anomaly Detection for Large-Scale Logs in Internet of Things.

Recording runtime status via logs is common for almost every computer system, and detecting anomalies in logs is crucial for timely identifying malfunctions of systems. However, manually detecting anomalies for logs is time-consuming, error-prone, and infeasible. Existing automatic log anomaly detection approaches, using indexes rather than semantics of log templates, tend to cause false alarms. In this work, we propose LogAnomaly, a framework to model unstructured a log stream as a natural language sequence. Empowered by template2vec, a novel, simple yet effective method to extract the semantic information hidden in log templates, LogAnomaly can detect both sequential and quantitive log anomalies simultaneously, which were not done by any previous work. Moreover, LogAnomaly can avoid the false alarms caused by the newly appearing log templates between periodic model retrainings. Our evaluation on two public production log datasets show that LogAnomaly outperforms existing log-based anomaly detection methods.

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LogAnomaly: Unsupervised Detection of Sequential and Quantitative Anomalies in Unstructured Logs

Logs are one of the most valuable data sources for large-scale service (e.g., social network, search engine) maintenance. Log parsing serves as the the first step towards automated log analysis. However, the current log parsing methods are not adaptive. Without intra-service adaptiveness, log parsing cannot handle software/firmware upgrade because learned templates cannot match new type of logs. In addition, without cross-service adaptiveness, the logs of a new type of service cannot be accurately parsed when this service is newly deployed. We propose LogParse, an adaptive log parsing framework, to support intra-service and cross-service incremental template learning and update. LogParse turns the template generation problem into a word classification problem and learns the features of template words and variable words. We evaluate LogParse on four public production log datasets. The results demonstrate that LogParse supports accurate adaptive template update (increased from 0.559 to nearly 1.0 parsing accuracy), and a trained LogParse is adaptive for a brand new service’s log parsing. Because of LogParse’s adaptiveness, we also apply LogParse to an interesting application, log compression and deployed log compression in a top cloud service provider. We package LogParse into an open-source toolkit.

LogParse: Making Log Parsing Adaptive through Word Classification

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Student Customized Knowledge Distillation: Bridging the Gap Between Student and Teacher

Logs are one of the most valuable data sources for managing large-scale online services. After a failure is detected/diagnosed/predicted, operators still have to inspect the raw logs to gain a summarized view before take actions. However, manual or rule-based log summarization has become inefficient and ineffective. In this work, we propose LogSummary, an automatic, unsupervised end-to-end log summarization framework for online services. LogSummary obtains the summarized triples of important logs for a given log sequence. It integrates a novel information extraction method taking both semantic information and domain knowledge into consideration, with a new triple ranking approach using the global knowledge learned from all logs. Given the lack of a publicly-available gold standard for log summarization, we have manually labelled the summaries of four open-source log datasets and made them publicly available. The evaluation on these datasets as well as the case studies on real-world logs demonstrate that LogSummary produces a highly representative (average ROUGE F1 score of 0.741) summaries. We have packaged LogSummary into an open-source toolkit and hope that it can benefit for future NLP-powered summarization works.

Summarizing Unstructured Logs in Online Services.

—Logs are one of the most critical data for service management. It contains rich runtime information for both services and users. Since size of logs are often enormous in size and have free handwritten constructions, a typical log-based analysis needs to parse logs into structured format ﬁrst. However, we observe that most existing log parsing methods cannot parse logs online, which is essential for online services. In this paper, we present an automatic online log parsing method, name as LogStamp . We extensively evaluate LogStamp on ﬁve public datasets to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method. The experiments show that our proposed method can achieve high accuracy with only a small portion of the training set. For example, it can achieve an average accuracy of 0.956 when using only 10% of the data training.

Yichen Zhu

Papers

LogAnomaly: Unsupervised Detection of Sequential and Quantitative Anomalies in Unstructured Logs

LogParse: Making Log Parsing Adaptive through Word Classification

Student Customized Knowledge Distillation: Bridging the Gap Between Student and Teacher

Summarizing Unstructured Logs in Online Services.

LogStamp: Automatic Online Log Parsing Based on Sequence Labelling