1. Introduction.- 2. Tree Form and Stem Taper.- 3. Tree-stem Volume Equations.- 4. Tree Weight and Biomass Estimation.- 5. Quantifying Tree Crowns.- 6. Growth Functions.- 7. Evaluating Site Quality.- 8. Quantifying Stand Density.- 9. Indices of Individual-tree Competition.- 10. Modeling Forest Stand Development.- 11. Whole-stand Models for Even-aged Stands.- 12. Diameter-distribution Models for Even-aged Stands.- 13. Size-class Models for Even-aged Stands.- 14. Individual-tree Models for Even-aged Stands.- 15. Growth and Yield Models for Uneven-aged Stands.- 16. Modeling Response to Silvicultural Treatments.- 17. Modeling Wood Characteristics.- 18. Model Implementation and Evaluation.-

Modeling Forest Trees and Stands

American Society for Testing and Materials

INTRODUCTION TO COMPOSITE MATERIALS Chapter Objectives Introduction Classi?cation Recycling Fiber-Reinforced Composites Mechanics Terminology Summary Key Terms Exercise Set References MACROMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF A LAMINA Chapter Objectives Introduction Review of De?nitions Hooke's Law for Different Types of Materials Hooke's Law for a Two-Dimensional Unidirectional Lamina Hooke's Law for a Two-Dimensional Angle Lamina Engineering Constants of an Angle Lamina Invariant Form of Stiffness and Compliance Matrices for an Angle Lamina Strength Failure Theories of an Angle Lamina Hygrothermal Stresses and Strains in a Lamina Summary Key Terms Exercise Set References APPENDIX A: MATRIX ALGEBRA Key Terms APPENDIX B: TRANSFORMATION OF STRESSES AND STRAINS Transformation of Stress Transformation of Strains Key Terms MICROMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF A LAMINA Chapter Objectives Introduction Volume and Mass Fractions, Density, and Void Content Evaluation of the Four Elastic Moduli Ultimate Strengths of a Unidirectional Lamina Coefficients of Thermal Expansion Coefficients of Moisture Expansion Summary Key Terms Exercise Set References MACROMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF LAMINATES Chapter Objectives Introduction Laminate Code Stress-Strain Relations for a Laminate In-Plane and Flexural Modulus of a Laminate Hygrothermal Effects in a Laminate Summary Key Terms Exercise Set References FAILURE, ANALYSIS, AND DESIGN OF LAMINATES Chapter Objectives Introduction Special Cases of Laminates Failure Criterion for a Laminate Design of a Laminated Composite Other Mechanical Design Issues Summary Key Terms Exercise Set References BENDING OF BEAMS Chapter Objectives Introduction Symmetric Beams Nonsymmetric Beams Summary Key Terms Exercise Set References INDEX

/pdf/mechanics-of-composite-materials-2nk382057e.pdf

Mechanics of composite materials

Statistical models in engineering , Statistical models in engineering , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

Statistical Models in Engineering

A simple numerical model to predict the load-displacement response and energy dissipation characteristics of wood shear walls under general quasi-static cyclic loading is presented. In this model the shear wall is comprised of three structural components: rigid framing members, linear elastic sheathing panels, and nonlinear sheathing-to-framing connectors. The hysteretic model for the sheathing-to-framing connector takes account of pinching behavior and strength and stiffness degradation under cyclic loading. A robust displacement control solution strategy is utilized to predict the wall response under general cyclic loading protocols. The shear wall model has been incorporated into the computer program CASHEW (Cyclic Analysis of SHEar Walls). The predictive capabilities of this program are compared with monotonic and cyclic tests of full-scale wood shear walls. It is shown that this model can accurately predict the load-displacement response and energy dissipation characteristic of wood shear walls under general cyclic loading. As an application of the CASHEW program, a procedure is presented for calibrating a single degree-of-freedom system to predict the complete nonlinear dynamic response of shear walls under seismic loading.

Cyclic Analysis of Wood Shear Walls

This paper gives "designer usable" methods for predicting the dynamical behaviour of lightweight wood-joist floors covered with semirigidly attached wood-based sheathings of materials such as plywo...

Design of lightweight wooden floors to avoid human discomfort

Measurement of rolling shear modulus and strength of cross laminated timber fabricated with black spruce

Mechanical properties of laminated strand lumber and hybrid cross-laminated timber

Specimens of four species with different cellular structures (white spruce, jack pine, white ash, and aspen) were tested in radial compression Deformation characteristics were observed and measured using a microscope at different magnifications The magnified images were recorded with a video recorder, which were then played back for deformation measurements Stress-strain responses of these specimens were determined from the measured load and deformation As expected, the softwood and hardwood responses to radial compression were influenced by the anatomical features Tangential compression tests were also conducted on white spruce and jack pine specimens It was found that the mechanisms of deformation in radial and in tangential compression were distinctly different for these softwood species In radial compression, cell-wall deformation dominated elastic behavior, and collapse of the weakest cells in earlywood coincided with the onset of yielding observed in the stress-strain curve Cell collapse developed only in earlywood, while latewood cells mainly underwent elastic deformation In tangential compression, elastic deformation was dominated by the bending of the latewood layers For the two hardwood species, the measured elastic strain under radial compression was dominated by deformations in the vessels Yield point on stress-strain curves was related to the collapse of these vessels

/pdf/characterizing-microscopic-behavior-of-wood-under-transverse-3hpgl4zq5z.pdf

Characterizing microscopic behavior of wood under transverse compression. Part II. Effect of species and loading direction

Flax fibres are being considered as an environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic fibres in fibre-reinforced polymer composites due to their low density, biodegradability, and high mechanical strength. Previous work has found that the surface properties of natural fibres can be modified by chemical treatment and other treatment methods. This study focused on the effect of different treatments using alkaline, enzyme, and steam-heat, respectively, on some surface characteristics of flax fibre, e.g. physical, chemical, and thermal stability. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), treated fibres were observed to have smoother surfaces than untreated fibres. Chemical composition of fibres was found to be modified after treatment as characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The crystallinity index and thermal stability of flax fibres were increased after certain treatments as determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. The wettability of treated fibre by water was improved compared to the untreated sample.

https://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/download/BioRes_07_3_4109_Cao_CCX_Characterization_Flax_Fiber_Alkaline_Enzyme_Steam/1689

Ying Hei Chui

Papers

Design of lightweight wooden floors to avoid human discomfort

Measurement of rolling shear modulus and strength of cross laminated timber fabricated with black spruce

Mechanical properties of laminated strand lumber and hybrid cross-laminated timber

Characterizing microscopic behavior of wood under transverse compression. Part II. Effect of species and loading direction

Characterization of flax fibres modified by alkaline, enzyme, and steam-heat treatments