In recent years, nanocrystals of metal sulfide materials have attracted scientific research interest for renewable energy applications due to the abundant choice of materials with easily tunable electronic, optical, physical and chemical properties. Metal sulfides are semiconducting compounds where sulfur is an anion associated with a metal cation; and the metal ions may be in mono-, bi- or multi-form. The diverse range of available metal sulfide materials offers a unique platform to construct a large number of potential materials that demonstrate exotic chemical, physical and electronic phenomena and novel functional properties and applications. To fully exploit the potential of these fascinating materials, scalable methods for the preparation of low-cost metal sulfides, heterostructures, and hybrids of high quality must be developed. This comprehensive review indicates approaches for the controlled fabrication of metal sulfides and subsequently delivers an overview of recent progress in tuning the chemical, physical, optical and nano- and micro-structural properties of metal sulfide nanocrystals using a range of material fabrication methods. For hydrogen energy production, three major approaches are discussed in detail: electrocatalytic hydrogen generation, powder photocatalytic hydrogen generation and photoelectrochemical water splitting. A variety of strategies such as structural tuning, composition control, doping, hybrid structures, heterostructures, defect control, temperature effects and porosity effects on metal sulfide nanocrystals are discussed and how they are exploited to enhance performance and develop future energy materials. From this literature survey, energy conversion currently relies on a limited range of metal sulfides and their composites, and several metal sulfides are immature in terms of their dissolution, photocorrosion and long-term durability in electrolytes during water splitting. Future research directions for innovative metal sulfides should be closely allied to energy and environmental issues, along with their advanced characterization, and developing new classes of metal sulfide materials with well-defined fabrication methods.

Recent advances in metal sulfides: from controlled fabrication to electrocatalytic, photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical water splitting and beyond

By doping an organic compound functioning as an electron donor (hereinafter referred to as donor molecules) into an organic compound layer contacting a cathode, donor levels can be formed between respective LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) levels between the cathode and the organic compound layer, and therefore electrons can be injected from the cathode, and transmission of the injected electrons can be performed with good efficiency. Further, there are no problems such as excessive energy loss, deterioration of the organic compound layer itself, and the like accompanying electron movement, and therefore an increase in the electron injecting characteristics and a decrease in the driver voltage can both be achieved without depending on the work function of the cathode material.

Light Emitting Device

https://aziz.seas.harvard.edu/files/mja203.pdf

SnS thin-films by RF sputtering at room temperature

Exosomes can be used for detecting biomarkers for diagnostic, therapy-related or prognostic methods to identify phenotypes, such as a condition or disease, for example, the stage or progression of a disease. Cell-of-origin exosomes can be used in profiling of physiological states or determining phenotypes. Biomarkers or markers from cell-of-origin specific exosomes can be used to determine treatment regimens for diseases, conditions, disease stages, and stages of a condition, and can also be used to determine treatment efficacy. Markers from cell-of-origin specific exosomes can also be used to identify conditions of diseases of unknown origin.

Methods and systems of using exosomes for determining phenotypes

Process intensification is a chemical engineering field which has truly emerged in the past few years and is currently rapidly growing. It consists in looking for safer operating conditions, lower waste in terms of costs and energy and higher productivity; and a way to reach such objectives is to develop multifunctional devices such as heat exchanger/reactors for instance. This review is focused on the latter and makes a point on heat exchanger/reactors. After a brief presentation of requirements due to transposition from batch to continuous apparatuses, heat exchangers/reactors at industrial or pilot scales and their applications are described.

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Heat exchanger/reactors (HEX reactors) : Concepts, technologies: State-of-the-art

Characterization of electrical properties and photosensitivity of SnS thin films prepared by the electrochemical deposition method

A semiconductor device having laminated successively a porous semiconductor layer, an inorganic semiconductor layer, and optionally an organic substance layer formed therebetween is disclosed. The semiconductor device is produced by immersing a porous semiconductor layer or a semiconductor layer having an organic substance layer on the surface thereof in a solution containing the elements constituting an inorganic semiconductor or compounds of the elements and forming the inorganic semiconductor layer on the porous semiconductor layer or the organic substance layer in the solution.

Semiconductor device and production method thereof

SnS thin films fabricated by pulsed and normal electrochemical deposition

A microstructure includes first and second plates. The first plate defines a recess. The second plate is bonded to the first plate to block an opening of the recess to thereby form a closed vacuum space or a closed space filled with inert gas.

Microstructure, microreactor, micro heat exchanger and method for fabricating microstructure

A fluid controlling method includes, sending an inner fluid, and sending an outer fluid coaxially with the inner fluid, wherein one of the inner fluid and the outer fluid includes a corkscrew flow that flows spirally, and wherein the inner fluid and the outer fluid are in contact with each other.

Yoshihisa Yamazaki

Papers

Characterization of electrical properties and photosensitivity of SnS thin films prepared by the electrochemical deposition method

Semiconductor device and production method thereof

SnS thin films fabricated by pulsed and normal electrochemical deposition

Microstructure, microreactor, micro heat exchanger and method for fabricating microstructure

Fluid controlling method, microfluidic device and process for fabricating the same