https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/33344/4/A%20review%20on%20the%20occurrence%20of%20micropollutants%20in%20the%20aquatic%20environment%20and%20their%20fate%20and%20removal%20during%20wastewater%20treatment.pdf

A review on the occurrence of micropollutants in the aquatic environment and their fate and removal during wastewater treatment

Removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) from wastewater: A review.

Emerging pollutants in wastewater: a review of the literature

Occurrence of emerging pollutants in urban wastewater and their removal through biological treatment followed by ozonation.

This paper reviews recent studies on the semiconductor photocatalysis based on surface-modified TiO2 of which application is mainly focused on environmental remediation. TiO2 photocatalysis that is based on the photoinduced interfacial charge transfer has been extensively studied over the past four decades. A great number of modification methods of semiconductor photocatalysts have been developed and investigated to accelerate the photoconversion, to enable the absorption of visible light, or to alter the reaction mechanism to control the products and intermediates. In this regard, various modification methods of TiO2 are classified according to the kind of surface modifiers (metal-loading, impurity doping, inorganic adsorbates, polymer coating, dye-sensitization, charge transfer complexation) and their effects on photocatalytic reaction mechanism and kinetics are discussed in detail. Modifying TiO2 in various ways not only changes the mechanism and kinetics under UV irradiation but also introduces visible light activity that is absent with pure TiO2. Each modification method influences the photocatalytic activity and mechanism in a way different from others and the observed modification effects are often different depending on the test substrates and conditions even for the same modification method. Better understanding of the modification effects on TiO2 photocatalysis is necessary to obtain reliable results, to assess the photoconversion efficiency more quantitatively, and to further improve the modification methods.

Surface modification of TiO2 photocatalyst for environmental applications

Bench-scale experiments were performed to investigate simultaneous recovery of phosphorus and potassium from synthetic sewage sludge effluent as crystals of magnesium potassium phosphate (MPP or struvite-(K), MgKPO4·6H2O). The optimal pH of MPP formation was 11.5. A phosphorus level of at least 3 mM and K:P molar ratio over 3 were necessary to form MPP, which showed higher content rate of phosphorus and potassium in precipitate. MPP crystallization was confirmed by analysing the precipitates using a scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) apparatus and an X-ray Diffractometer (XRD). Inhibition of MPP crystallization by iron and aluminium was confirmed by precipitation experiments and SEM-EDX analysis. Potassium ratio against magnesium in precipitate decreased for iron concentrations greater than over 0.2 mM and aluminium concentrations over 0.05 mM.

Simultaneous recovery of phosphorus and potassium as magnesium potassium phosphate from synthetic sewage sludge effluent.

Evaluation of genotoxicity related to nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NO2-PAHs) was investigated on sediment contaminated with road runoff by using test system named umu-test which has highly sensitive potential with nitroarenes. The trace of genotoxicity on NO2-PAHs could be detected in the effluent from a sewage treatment plant where domestic sewage and rain water in urban area were introduced. And also, we obtained nitrated genotoxicity in the river water where the effluent was discharged. A source of the genotoxicity related nitro-derivatives would originate the sediment contaminated with road runoff, because mobile exhaust gas include many toxicants with nitro derivatives of PAHs. Road runoff water, especially, extracts of particulate matters showed strong genotoxicity on NO2-PAHs. Genotoxic potency on nitrated hydrocarbons could be obtained in the extract of particulate parts of water of a treatment plant of exhaust gas of motor cars with gasoline or diesel engines. It is possible to detect the trace of NO2-PAHs by this test system easily. The source and the potency for unit weight of each sample can be evaluated.

Evaluation of Genotoxicity on Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Road Runoff.

Before analysis with GC-MS, deconjugation of estrogen conjugates with acid-catalyzed solvolysis or enzymatic hydrolysis is regarded as the indispensable procedure. However, in our study we found in the first time that estrogen sulfates (Estrone-3-sulfate, E1-3S; Estradiol-3-sulfate, E2-3S; Estriol-3-sulfate, E3-3S) could be directly analyzed with GC-MS, and the deconjugation procedure can be omitted. In the procedure, estrogen sulfates could be directly derivatized to their corresponding free estrogen derivatives, in which mixture solution of N, O-bis-(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) plus 1% trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) was used as the derivatization reagent, and the derivatization conditions were determined at 80°C for 90 min. Possible mechanism of the direct derivatization of estrogen sulfates by BSTFA plus 1% TMCS was suggested. This finding indicated a latent favorable analytical method of estrogen sulfates for environmental samples.

An innovative analytical method for estrogen sulfates without deconjugation procedure

汚染土壌中の重金属の溶出性は重金属の化合形態によって異なり，結果として汚染土壌からの重金属の移動性も大きく異なることになる．本研究では，溶出性の観点から汚染土壌中の鉛やふっ素，水銀などの化合形態を調べるため，蒸留水による抽出処理と酢酸による中和処理の後にBCR逐次抽出法を実施する改良法を用いた．この方法を用いて汚染土壌中の重金属を溶出性の観点から分画し，その分布を示すとともに，汚染土壌に含まれる重金属の存在形態を推定した．また，環境省告示46号法や，最大溶出可能量を把握するとされるAvailability試験（NEN7371）による結果との比較から，長期にわたる汚染土壌からの溶出可能な成分の割合を推定した．

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jscejg/64/4/64_4_304/_pdf

Application of modified bcr sequential extraction procedure for evaluation of heavy metal leaching in contaminated soil

Road sediment is collected by road sweepers, however, it will be flushed because of rainfall. We investigated to determine the collected amount of road sediment and the harm substances attached on the sediment originated from mobile exhaust gases. The correlation analysis was conducted between the environmental factors, such as traffic numbers, species, amount of precipitation and sunny period.TOC attached on the sediment has the positive correlation with the total traffic numbers, especially Large Freight Vehicles and Large-sized Special Motor Vehicles. On the other hands, the amount of precipitation has the negative correlation with TOC. It will be assumed that the organic carbon originated from exhaust gas can be washed by rainfall and move to road run-off. Some of poly aromatic hydrocarbons are found to have same correlation with environmental factors. Ferric compound has the relation with traffic number because the metal will come from car bodies. Zinc and cadmium have also correlation with the numbers.

Yoshinori Kanjo

Papers

Simultaneous recovery of phosphorus and potassium as magnesium potassium phosphate from synthetic sewage sludge effluent.

Evaluation of Genotoxicity on Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Road Runoff.

An innovative analytical method for estrogen sulfates without deconjugation procedure

Application of modified bcr sequential extraction procedure for evaluation of heavy metal leaching in contaminated soil

Relationships between Substances on Road Sediments and Environmental Factors.