Remarkable interest has risen in the idea that oxidative/nitrosative stress is mediated in the etiology of numerous human diseases. Oxidative/Nitrosative stress is the result of an disequilibrium in oxidant/antioxidant which reveals from continuous increase of Reactive Oxygen and Reactive Nitrogen Species production. The aim of this review is to emphasize with current information the importance of antioxidants which play the role in cellular responce against oxidative/nitrosative stress, which would be helpful in enhancing the knowledge of any biochemist, pathophysiologist, or medical personnel regarding this important issue. Products of lipid peroxidation have commonly been used as biomarkers of oxidative/nitrosative stress damage. Lipid peroxidation generates a variety of relatively stable decomposition end products, mainly α, β-unsaturated reactive aldehydes, such as malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, 2-propenal (acrolein) and isoprostanes, which can be measured in plasma and urine as an indirect index of oxidative/nitrosative stress. Antioxidants are exogenous or endogenous molecules that mitigate any form of oxidative/nitrosative stress or its consequences. They may act from directly scavenging free radicals to increasing antioxidative defences. Antioxidant deficiencies can develop as a result of decreased antioxidant intake, synthesis of endogenous enzymes or increased antioxidant utilization. Antioxidant supplementation has become an increasingly popular practice to maintain optimal body function. However, antoxidants exhibit pro-oxidant activity depending on the specific set of conditions. Of particular importance are their dosage and redox conditions in the cell.

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The importance of antioxidants which play the role in cellular response against oxidative/nitrosative stress: current state

Acknowledgements Prologue 1. Dental anthropology and morphology 2. Description and classification of permanent crown and root traits 3. Biological considerations: ontogeny, asymmetry, sex dimorphism and intertrait association 4. Genetics of morphological trait expression 5. Geographic variation in toot crown and root morphology 6. Establishing method and theory for using tooth morphology in reconstructions of late Pleistocene and Holocene human population history 7. Tooth morphology and population history Epilogue Appendices References Index.

The Anthropology of Modern Human Teeth: Dental Morphology and its Variation in Recent Human Populations

The aim of this study was to characterize the individuals with sacroiliac joint bridging (SIB) by analyzing the degenerative changes in their whole vertebral column and comparing them with the controls. A total of 291 modern Japanese male skeletons, with an average age at death of 60.8 years, were examined macroscopically. They were divided into two groups: individuals with SIB and those without bridging (Non-SIB). The degenerative changes in their whole vertebral column were evaluated, and marginal osteophyte scores (MOS) of the vertebral bodies and degenerative joint scores in zygapophyseal joints were calculated. SIB was recognized in 30 individuals from a total of 291 males (10.3%). The average of age at death in SIB group was significantly higher than that in Non-SIB group. The values of MOS in the thoracic spines, particularly in the anterior part of the vertebral bodies, were consecutively higher in SIB group than in Non-SIB group. Incidence of fused vertebral bodies intervertebral levels was obviously higher in SIB group than in Non-SIB group. SIB and marginal osteophyte formation in vertebral bodies could coexist in a skeletal population of men. Some systemic factors might act on these degenerative changes simultaneously both in sacroiliac joint and in vertebral column.

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Characterization of Individuals with Sacroiliac Joint Bridging in a Skeletal Population: Analysis of Degenerative Changes in Spinal Vertebrae

genannte norwegische Anthropotoge HALFDaN B~Y~ ha t in ether 1928 erschienenen Schrift (Die K6rperproportionen des Homo caesius. I~gl. Norsk. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. z927, Nr 6, 273--356 ) die Variationsbreite der nordischen IRasse (Homo caesius) zu bes t immen gesucht, indem er 8I Individuen aus ether gr6f3eren Serie yon Miinnern ausw~hlte, die der norwegischen binnenl~ndischen Bev61kerurlg aJagehOren. Obwohl sie nach ihm eine ziemlich nngleichartige Masse darstellen mit hoher und Meiner K6rpergrOBe, mit t taar und Augenfarben in allen Nuancen mit Ausnahme der dunkelsten, mit ether Kopfform, die yon Dolichocephalie his welt in die Brachycephalie hineinreicbt, rechnet sie BRYN doch alle zur nordischen Rasse, Man k6nne n~imlich unter keinen Umst~nden behaupten, dab diese ,,kleinen Unterschiede\" auf Rassenmischungen beruhten; es set nicht angXngig, einem Ind iv iduum die Zugeh6rigkeit zur nordischen Rasse abzusprechen, well es brachycephal oder breitgesichtig set, ebensowenig wie zwei Sch~idel zu verschiedenen Rassen geh6ren mfiBten, well der eine dolichocephal und schmalgesichtig und der andere brachycephal und breitgesichtig ist. An diese Auffassung, die den Rassebegriff sehr vim wetter faBt, als es im allgemeinen in der Anthropologie iiblich ist, und in den meisten Darstel lungen zum Ausdruck kommt , wird man erinnert, wenn man das ]3ueh WALTER IKRUSES liest (Die Deutschen und ihre Nachbarv61ker. Neue Grundlegung der Anthropologie, l~assen-, Vblker-, S tammeskunde und t(onst i tut ionslehre nebst Ausf~hrungen zur deutschen Rassenhygiene. Leipzig: GeorgThieme 1929. Mit 17 Textabb. und 5 Tat., XIV, 640 S,). BRYN h~ilt an dem Rassebegriff test, wenn er zweifellos anch die Rassegrenzen verwischt. K~USE ist radikaler, er spricht zwar yon der ,,europ~iischen Rasse\", 16st sie abet n icht in eigentliche Unterrassen ant, sondern in V61ker. Das Volk nnd nicht die !~asse ist also hier die Grundlage ether anthropologischen VVertung, und diese Subst i tut ion meint er woht, wenn er yon ether neuen Grundlegung der Anthropologie spricht. Ffir KRUSE ist weder die K6rpergrbBe noch die Kopfform Rassenmerkmal , weil sie in weiten Grenzen schwa~kten nnd in ihren MaBen yon XuBeren Verhltltnissen hochgradig abhXngig seien. Nnr die P igment ie rnng yon Haut , Haa r nnd Auge sieht er Ms verh~iltnism~iBig besti~ndig an, wenn er auch ein Mendeln nnr ftir die Augenfarben anerkennen wi l l Die Vigment ierung t r e t e nnabhXngig yon alien fibrigen Merkmalen auf nnd stfinde in engster Beziehung zn der geographisehen Lage, d. h. znm ~Iima. KR~Js~ stii tzt Mch bet diesen Aufstellungen zum TeiI auf die vorliegende Literatnr, zum Teit auf eigene Erhebungen an etwa ~oooo Personen aus fas t allen Teilen Dentschlands. Altein dieses eigene Material wird nicht so geboten, wie es in anthropoIogischen Arbeiten sonst iiblich ist, so dab es schwer f~illt, sich ein Urteil fiber die Zuverl~issigkeit nnd I)eutbarkei t in der yon dem Verfasser gesuchten Rich tung zu bilden. Es ist fiberall in Raisonnements eingeschlossen, die f iberhaupt ein Charakter is t ikum des Buches sind. Wenn, n m nu t ein Beispiel anzuffihren, behaupte t wird, dab die Kopfform der Neugeborenen in allen Teilen Deutschlands, ob sie nun aus Gebieten einer langk6pfigen oder kurzk6pfigen Bev61kerung s tammen, nahezu die gleiche -mesocephale -w~ire, so bedarf das trotz der angeffihrten Zahlen ether sehr sorgfMtigen NachprtKung, obwohl, selbst wenn dem so w~re, daraus nieht ohne weiteres auf die Belanglosigkeit der Kopfform f~ir die 1Rassenbestimmung geschlossen werden kann. Die Ausfi ihrungen KRUs~s kommen ihrem Kern Anthropologische Mitteitungen. zz9

Das Arteriensystem der Japaner

The ever decreasing area of forests has lead to environmental and economical challenges and has brought with it a renewed interest in developing methodologies that quantify the extent of deforestation and reforestation. In this study we analyzed the deforested areas of the Apuseni Mountains, which has been under economic pressure in recent years and resulted in widespread deforestation as a means of income. Deforested surface dynamics modeling was based on images contained in the Global Forest Database, provided by the Department of Geographical Sciences at Maryland University between 2000 and 2014. The results of the image particle analysis and modelling were based on Total Area (ha), Count of patches and Average Size whereas deforested area distribution was based on the Local Connected Fractal Dimension, Fractal Fragmentation Index and Tug-of-War Lacunarity as indicators of forest fragmentation or heterogeneity. The major findings of the study indicated a reduction of the tree cover area by 3.8%, an increase in fragmentation of 17.7% and an increase in heterogeneity by 29%, while fractal connectivity decreased only by 0.1%. The fractal and particle analysis showed a clustering of forest loss areas with an average increase from 1.1 to 3.0 ha per loss site per year. In conclusion, the fractal and particle analysis provide a relevant methodological framework to further our understanding of the spatial effects of economic pressure on forestry.

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Dynamics of Forest Fragmentation and Connectivity Using Particle and Fractal Analysis

Genealogical Position of Native Taiwanese (Bunun Tribe) in East Asian Populations Based on Tooth Crown Morphology

Morphological variations of the deciduous dentition are as useful as those of the permanent dentition for determining the biological affinities of human populations. This paper provides material on morphological variations of deciduous teeth of the prehistoric Japanese population from the Late and the Latest Jomon Period (ca. 2000–ca. 300 B.C.).



The expression of nonmetric traits of the deciduous teeth in the Jomon sample shows a closer affinity with modern Japanese and Native American samples than with American White, Asiatic Indian, and African samples. However, the frequency of shoveling in deciduous upper incisors in the Jomon sample is lower than those in modern Japanese and Native American samples. The Jomon sample also expresses a much higher frequency of cusp 6 in deciduous lower second molars than seen in modern Japanese, Ainu, and Native American samples. The frequency in the Jomon sample is equal to that in the Australian Aboriginal sample, which shows cusp 6 most frequently among the samples compared.



A somewhat low incidence of incisor shoveling in the Jomon sample was also reported in the permanent dentition (Turner [1976] Science 193:911–913, [1979] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 51:619–635, [1987] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 73:305–321, [1990] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 82:295–317; T. Hanihara [1992] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 88:163–182, 88:183–196). However, the frequency of cusp 6 in the Jomon sample shows no significant difference from those of Northeast Asian or Native American samples in the permanent dentition (Turner [1987] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 73:305–321; T. Hanihara [1992] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 88:1–182, 88:183–196). Evidently, some nonmetric traits express an inter-group difference only in the deciduous dentition. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Deciduous dental morphology of the prehistoric Jomon people of Japan: Comparison of nonmetric characters

The frequencies of occurrence of 17 tooth crown traits in the living Ami tribe, which inhabits the east coast of Taiwan, were investigated and compared with other East Asian populations based on Turner's (1987) Mongoloid dental variation theory. Principal coordinate analysis based on Smith's mean measure of divergence using frequencies of the 17 traits suggests that the Ami tribe together with the Yami tribe and the Bunun tribe is included in the sinodont group typical of the Chinese mainland and northeast Asia. In light of these results and the estimated distribution of sinodonty and sundadonty in the past and the present, we speculate that the gene flow from Chinese mainlanders to native sundadonts, who seem to have migrated northward to Taiwan, contributed significantly to the formation of the living Taiwan aboriginal groups, sinodonts. Among the aboriginal tribes of Taiwan, the Ami have characteristics intermediate between those of the Yami and the Bunun. The relative positions of these tribes in East Asian populations suggests that the extent of sinodontification and of genetic isolation is one of the causes of the intertribal variation.

Yoshitaka Manabe

Papers

Characterization of Individuals with Sacroiliac Joint Bridging in a Skeletal Population: Analysis of Degenerative Changes in Spinal Vertebrae

Genealogical Position of Native Taiwanese (Bunun Tribe) in East Asian Populations Based on Tooth Crown Morphology

Deciduous dental morphology of the prehistoric Jomon people of Japan: Comparison of nonmetric characters

Nonmetric tooth crown traits in the Ami tribe, Taiwan aborigines: comparisons with other east Asian populations.

Dental morphology of the Dawenkou Neolithic population in North China: implications for the origin and distribution of Sinodonty.