There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

PEM fuel cell system control: A review

http://pure.tudelft.nl/ws/files/11926671/1_s2.0_S0378775316308631_main.pdf

A review of fuel cell systems for maritime applications

The idea of Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) lies on the fact that heterogeneous Energy Storage System (ESS) technologies have complementary characteristics in terms of power and energy density, life cycle, response rate, and so on. In other words, high power ESS devices possess fast response rate while in the contrary, high energy ESS devices possess slow response rate. Therefore, it may be beneficial to hybridize ESS technologies in the way that synergize functional advantages of two heterogeneous existing ESS technologies As a consequence, this hybridization provides excellent characteristics not offered by a single ESS unit. This new technology has been proposed and investigated by several researchers in the literature particularly in the fields of renewable energy and electrified transport sector. In this context and according to an extensive literature survey, this paper is to review the concept of the HESS, hybridization principles and proposed topologies, power electronics interface architectures, control and energy management strategies, and application arenas.

Emergence of hybrid energy storage systems in renewable energy and transport applications – A review

Summary
Flow batteries have unique characteristics that make them especially attractive when compared with conventional batteries, such as their ability to decouple rated maximum power from rated energy capacity, as well as their greater design flexibility.

The vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB) seem to have several advantages among the existing types of flow batteries as they use the same material (in liquid form) in both half-cells, eliminating the risk of cross contamination and resulting in electrolytes with a potentially unlimited life.

Given their low energy density (when compared with conventional batteries), VRFB are especially suited for large stationary energy storage, situations where volume and weight are not limiting factors. This includes applications such as electrical peak shaving, load levelling, UPS, and in conjunction with renewable energies (e.g. wind and solar).

The present work thoroughly reviews the VRFB technology detailing their genesis, the basic operation of the various existing designs and the current and future prospects of their application. The main original contribution of the work was the addressing of a still missing in-depth review and comparison of existing, but dispersed, peer reviewed publications on this technology, with several original and insightful comparison tables, as well as an economic analysis of an application for storing excess energy of a wind farm and sell it during peak demand. The authors have also benefited from their background in electric mobility to carry out original and insightful discussions on the present and future prospects of flow batteries in mobile (e.g. vehicle) and stationary (e.g. fast charging stations) applications related to this field, including a case study.

Vanadium redox flow batteries are currently not suitable for most mobile applications, but they are among the technologies which may enable, when mature, the mass adoption of intermittent renewable energy sources which still struggle with stability of supply and lack of flexibility issues.Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Vanadium redox flow batteries: a technology review

https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/34600/6/Power%2band%2bEnergy%2bmanagement_v7.pdf

Power and energy management of grid/PEMFC/battery/supercapacitor hybrid power sources for UPS applications

https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/9397/1/2008000135.pdf

Intelligent uninterruptible power supply system with back-up fuel cell/battery hybrid power source

https://www.matlabi.ir/wp-content/uploads/bank_papers/p%20paper/p64_Matlabi.blogfa.com.pdf

Modelling and control of hybrid UPS system with backup PEM fuel cell/battery

Performance comparison of input current ripple reduction methods in UPS applications with hybrid PEM fuel cell/supercapacitor power sources

https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/33116/4/JPS_Current%2bShort%2bCircuit%2bImplementation_accepted%2bversion.pdf

Yuedong Zhan

Papers

Power and energy management of grid/PEMFC/battery/supercapacitor hybrid power sources for UPS applications

Intelligent uninterruptible power supply system with back-up fuel cell/battery hybrid power source

Modelling and control of hybrid UPS system with backup PEM fuel cell/battery

Performance comparison of input current ripple reduction methods in UPS applications with hybrid PEM fuel cell/supercapacitor power sources

Current short circuit implementation for performance improvement and lifetime extension of proton exchange membrane fuel cell