Among the solutions to the global energy problem, the utilisation of solar energy is, without a doubt, one of the most encouraging ecological avenues. In a solar thermal system, the solar thermal energy can be exploited via heating working fluid circulating through a heat collector. In this paper, the concept of the building integrated solar thermal collectors was briefly introduced, the applications of building integrated solar thermal collectors were presented and standards for assessing thermal performance of these solar thermal systems were addressed. The major features, current status and existing difficulties related to the various types of solar thermal collectors were identified. Several factors affecting the thermal performance, characteristics of the solar thermal systems and building integration possibilities were also summarised. This study facilitates understanding the questions prevailing in solar thermal collector technology, diagnosing new research directions towards further improvement of the performance, addressing the important issues related to architectural barriers, system design and installation. Also, this review reveals the trend of the technology, particularly the advancement in recent years and the future work required.

Building integrated solar thermal collectors – A review

Review and analysis of solar thermal facades

Performance and building integration of all-ceramic solar collectors

The invention relates to a novel black substance application. The novel black substance application is characterized in that black substances are directly used as solar heat collection layers by the aid of excellent photo-thermal conversion characteristics of the black substances, and the black substances include vanadium extraction tailings, industrial black waste residues, natural black minerals, black compounds and black chemical products. A novel application method is characterized in that the black substances are directly used as the solar heat collection layers to construct a building-integrated solar air collector and a building-integrated solar water heater. Compared with the prior art, the novel black substance application and the novel application method have the advantages that construction cost is lowered greatly, service lives of the solar air collector and the solar water heater are prolonged greatly and can be as long as that of a building, the solar air collector and the solar water heater are high in heat collection efficiency, better in heat collection effect, less prone to attenuation after long-time use and quite simple to mount and maintain and can be integrated with the building, various potential safety hazards are eliminated, utilization rate of the solar water heater is increased, and the novel black substance application and the novel application method can be widely applied to the field of solar water heaters.

Novel black substance application and novel application method thereof

Sol–gel derived solar selective coatings on SS 321 substrates for solar thermal applications

Global navigation services from the quad-constellation of GPS, GLONASS, BDS, and Galileo are now available. The international GNSS monitoring and assessment system (iGMAS) aims to evaluate the navigation performance of the current quad systems under a unified framework. In order to assess impact of orbit and clock errors on the positioning accuracy, the user range error (URE) is always taken as a metric by comparison with the precise products. Compared with the solutions from a single analysis center, the combined solutions derived from multiple analysis centers are characterized with robustness and reliability and preferred to be used as references to assess the performance of broadcast ephemerides. In this paper, the combination method of iGMAS orbit and clock products is described, and the performance of the combined solutions is evaluated by various means. There are different internal precisions of the combined orbit and clock for different constellations, which indicates that consistent weights should be assigned for individual constellations and analysis centers included in the combination. For BDS-3, Galileo, and GLONASS combined orbits of iGMAS, the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 5 cm is achieved by satellite laser ranging (SLR) observations. Meanwhile, the SLR residuals are characterized with a linear pattern with respect to the position of the sun, which indicates that the solar radiation pressure (SRP) model adopted in precise orbit determination needs further improvement. The consistency between combined orbit and clock of quad-constellation is validated by precise point positioning (PPP), and the accuracies of simulated kinematic tests are 1.4, 1.2, and 2.9 cm for east, north, and up components, respectively.

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Multi-GNSS Combined Orbit and Clock Solutions at iGMAS

All-ceramic solar collectors

The invention relates to a 'black enamel composite ceramic solar plate', wherein, pugs are fabricated by general ceramic raw materials adopting the general ceramic raw material processing method and then are formed into a porous through hole plate by utilization of the extruding method; through holes are driven to be communicated with each other on both ends through processing; both ends are respectively glued with an end head plate which has the same material and provided with an inlet and an outlet, forming a hollow ceramic solar plate biscuit; pugs are fabricated by mixture of ceramic black colorants and general ceramic raw materials and arranged on the surface of the hollow ceramic solar plate biscuit by means of spray coating; after drying and firing, the black enamel composite ceramic solar plate and a three-dimensional meshy black enamel composite ceramic solar plate are obtained. Compared with the prior solar collector such as a vacuum glass pipe, a copper-aluminum composite solar heat-collecting body and so on, the 'black enamel composite ceramic solar plate' is characterized by low cost, long service life and high average work efficiency within the period of the service life. The 'black enamel composite ceramic solar plate' utilizes various resources to fabricate the black ceramic hollow solar heat-collecting plate and utilizes the characteristics of low cost and long service life of ceramic materials to reduce the cost of utilization of solar energy and promote large-scale utilization of the solar energy.

Black ceramic composite ceramic sun plate

The invention relates to a production method for a big size hollow ceramic plate and a product thereof; common ceramic material and ceramic black substance that is rich in transition metals of fourth period such as natural minerals, industrial waste, and the like, and a extrusion molding method by a vacuum extruding machine are adopted to produce the big size hollow ceramic plate at low cost; the surface or the whole body of the big size hollow ceramic plate is black or dark, and the area of a single plate can be more than 0.5m ; a ceramic perforated plate, a ceramic through hole plate and an attachment of the big size hollow ceramic plate form a tandem of the big size hollow ceramic plate in the forms of glued joint and socket joint, or ceramic seal plates are connected in series to form the tandem of the big size hollow ceramic plate; the tandem of the big size hollow ceramic plate can be applied to a solar water heater for supplying hot water, to a solar roof and wall for providing refrigeration, warm air and hot water for the building, to a large-scale solar air course and a large-area solar heat collecting site for power generation, to far infrared drying for energy saving, to building radiator for realizing the purposes of saving energy, reducing indoor dust blowing and promoting health.

Method for preparing large size hollow ceramic plate and use products thereof

The invention pertains to the field of solar energy utilization, in particular to a ceramic solar panel manufactured by a ceramic slip casting method and a production technique thereof The invention fully utilizes the existing production equipment and production capacity of the ceramic sanitary ware industry with a large scale in China to shape and manufacture the complete thin-wall ceramic solar panel with a pipe interface at a time A basal body is a hollow ceramic panel manufactured by the ceramic slip casting method, and a sunlight absorption surface is made from vanadium-titanium black porcelain, traditional black porcelain or solar energy absorption coating The invention has low production cost, long service life and a through hole flat box type structure and can realize high heat-collecting efficiency, be applicable to solar water heater, solar roof, solar south wall surface and large-scale solar heat-collecting field and provide hot water and hot wind, both of which can be used for washing, heating in winter and air conditioning in summer Large amount of cheap high-temperature hot water can further be used for power generation at a low cost and replace conventional energy, thus protecting resources and environment

Yuguo Yang

Papers

Multi-GNSS Combined Orbit and Clock Solutions at iGMAS

All-ceramic solar collectors

Black ceramic composite ceramic sun plate

Method for preparing large size hollow ceramic plate and use products thereof

Composite ceramic solar panel shaped by ceramic slip casting