다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

[신간의 별자리x] 우리/미술, 그리고 ‘슬픔의 박물관’

Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.

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Sodium-ion batteries: present and future

Mobile and stationary energy storage by rechargeable batteries is a topic of broad societal and economical relevance. Lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology is at the forefront of the development, but a massively growing market will likely put severe pressure on resources and supply chains. Recently, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have been reconsidered with the aim of providing a lower-cost alternative that is less susceptible to resource and supply risks. On paper, the replacement of lithium by sodium in a battery seems straightforward at first, but unpredictable surprises are often found in practice. What happens when replacing lithium by sodium in electrode reactions? This review provides a state-of-the art overview on the redox behavior of materials when used as electrodes in lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries, respectively. Advantages and challenges related to the use of sodium instead of lithium are discussed.

From Lithium-Ion to Sodium-Ion Batteries: Advantages, Challenges, and Surprises.

Sodium-ion batteries are an appealing alternative to lithium-ion batteries because they use raw materials that are less expensive, more abundant and less toxic. The background leading to such promises is carefully assessed in terms of cell and battery production, as well as raw material supply risks, for sodium-ion and modern lithium-ion batteries.

A cost and resource analysis of sodium-ion batteries

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted more and more attention for scalable electrical energy storage due to the abundance and wide distribution of Na resources. However, the anode still remains a great challenge for the application of SIBs. Here the production of uniform hard carbon microtubes (HCTs) made from natural cotton through one simple carbonization process and their application as an anode are reported. The study shows that the electrochemical performance of the HCTs is seriously affected by the carbonization temperature due to the difference in their microstructure and heteroatomic content. The HCTs carbonized at 1300 °C deliver the highest reversible capacity of 315 mAh g−1 and good rate capability due to their unique tubular structure. This contribution not only provides a new approach for the preparation of hard carbon materials with unique tubular microstructure using natural inspiration, but it also deepens the fundamental understanding of the sodium storage mechanism.

Hard Carbon Microtubes Made from Renewable Cotton as High-Performance Anode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries

A prototype rechargeable sodium-ion battery using an O3-Na0.90[Cu0.22 Fe0.30 Mn0.48]O2 cathode and a hard carbon anode is demonstrated to show an energy density of 210 W h kg(-1) , a round-trip energy efficiency of 90%, a high rate capability (up to 6C rate), and excellent cycling stability.

Prototype Sodium-Ion Batteries Using an Air-Stable and Co/Ni-Free O3-Layered Metal Oxide Cathode.

Recent advances of electrode materials for low-cost sodium-ion batteries towards practical application for grid energy storage

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are expected to be a promising commercial alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for large-scale and low-cost electrical energy storage applications in the near future. Despite this, the absence of a suitable negative electrode material hinders their development. In this contribution, we synthesized monodispersed hard carbon spherules (HCS) from an abundant biomass of sucrose, and investigated the influence of the carbonization temperature on the microstructure and electrochemical performance. The initial coulombic efficiency of the HCS was increased to 83% by coating its surface with soft carbon through the pyrolysis of toluene. Interestingly, the plateau capacity at the low potential region increased with increasing carbonization temperature. The HCS carbonized at 1600 °C showed the highest plateau capacity (220 mA h g−1) and excellent cycling performance with a capacity retention of 93% after 100 cycles. When coupled with an air-stable P2-Na2/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2 positive electrode, the full cell exhibited a high initial coulombic efficiency of 76%, a mean operating voltage of 3.5 V and excellent cycling performance. The theoretical energy density of this system was estimated to be 200 W h kg−1. These promising properties are believed to be close to the level required for practical applications.

Amorphous monodispersed hard carbon micro-spherules derived from biomass as a high performance negative electrode material for sodium-ion batteries

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are a promising candidate for grid electricity storage due to their potential low cost. The development of anode materials is a crucial step to promote the commercialization of SIBs, and amorphous carbon materials are likely to be the most promising alternatives among all proposed anode materials. However, the cost of the reported carbon materials is still very high due to the expensive precursors and their low carbon yield. Here, we report an amorphous carbon (AC) material made from low cost pitch. The amorphous carbon material with an amazing high carbon yield of 57% was achieved by utilizing the emulsification interaction between pitch and lignin to suppress the graphitization of pitch during the carbonization. The effects of heat-treatment temperatures and the pitch/lignin mass ratios on the morphology, microstructure and the electrochemical performance of AC were systematically investigated. By optimizing experimental conditions, we achieved one representative AC with a suitable morphology and microstructure, which exhibits promising performances with a high reversible capacity of 254 mA h g−1, a high initial coulombic efficiency of 82% and excellent cycling stability. This is the first demonstration that the pitch can be successfully applied in fabricating amorphous carbon anode materials for SIBs with superior low cost and high performance.

Yunming Li

Papers

Hard Carbon Microtubes Made from Renewable Cotton as High-Performance Anode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Prototype Sodium-Ion Batteries Using an Air-Stable and Co/Ni-Free O3-Layered Metal Oxide Cathode.

Recent advances of electrode materials for low-cost sodium-ion batteries towards practical application for grid energy storage

Amorphous monodispersed hard carbon micro-spherules derived from biomass as a high performance negative electrode material for sodium-ion batteries

A superior low-cost amorphous carbon anode made from pitch and lignin for sodium-ion batteries