A comprehensive review on vibration based micro power generators using electromagnetic and piezoelectric transducer mechanisms

Energy harvesting technology may be considered an ultimate solution to replace batteries and provide a long-term power supply for wireless sensor networks. Looking back into its research history, individual energy harvesters for the conversion of single energy sources into electricity are developed first, followed by hybrid counterparts designed for use with multiple energy sources. Very recently, the concept of a truly multisource energy harvester built from only a single piece of material as the energy conversion component is proposed. This review, from the aspect of materials and device configurations, explains in detail a wide scope to give an overview of energy harvesting research. It covers single-source devices including solar, thermal, kinetic and other types of energy harvesters, hybrid energy harvesting configurations for both single and multiple energy sources and single material, and multisource energy harvesters. It also includes the energy conversion principles of photovoltaic, electromagnetic, piezoelectric, triboelectric, electrostatic, electrostrictive, thermoelectric, pyroelectric, magnetostrictive, and dielectric devices. This is one of the most comprehensive reviews conducted to date, focusing on the entire energy harvesting research scene and providing a guide to seeking deeper and more specific research references and resources from every corner of the scientific community.

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Energy Harvesting Research: The Road from Single Source to Multisource.

From last few decades, piezoelectric materials have played a vital role as a mechanism of energy harvesting, as they have the tendency to absorb energy from the environment and transform it to electrical energy that can be used to drive electronic devices directly or indirectly. The power of electronic circuits has been cut down to nano or micro watts, which leads towards the development of self-designed piezoelectric transducers that can overcome power generation problems and can be self-powered. Moreover, piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEHs) can reduce the need for batteries, resulting in optimization of the weight of structures. These mechanisms are of great interest for many researchers, as piezoelectric transducers are capable of generating electric voltage in response to thermal, electrical, mechanical and electromagnetic input. In this review paper, Fluid Structure Interaction-based, human-based, and vibration-based energy harvesting mechanisms were studied. Moreover, qualitative and quantitative analysis of existing PEH mechanisms has been carried out.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/11/7/1850/pdf

A Review on Mechanisms for Piezoelectric-Based Energy Harvesters

Wave energy is one of the most available energy sources in oceans. In this work, a design of high power density triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) based on a tower structure is proposed for harvesting wave energy from arbitrary directions. Such tower-like TENG (T-TENG) consists of multiple units made of polytetrafluoroethylene balls and three-dimensional printed arc surface coated with melt adhesive reticulation nylon film. The power generation model coupled with the kinetic model for the T-TENG is proposed and discussed. The T-TENG can effectively convert arbitrary directional wave energy into electrical energy by utilizing charged balls rolling on an optimized arc surface due to ocean wave excitation. In addition, it is found that the power density of the present T-TENG increases linearly from 1.03 W/m3 to 10.6 W/m3 by increasing the units from 1 to 10 in one block. This supports that the power density of the T-TENG increases proportionally with the number of units connected in parallel without rectifie...

High Power Density Tower-like Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Harvesting Arbitrary Directional Water Wave Energy

A portable high-efficiency electromagnetic energy harvesting system using supercapacitors for renewable energy applications in railroads

Design and implementation of a new contactless triple piezoelectrics wind energy harvester

The response of a piezoelectric (PZT) harvester in pendulum shape is explored under a periodic magnetic field both theoretically and experimentally. The magnetic force Fm is found via fitting to a polynomial function including the third order of amplitude after the evaluation of magnetic simulations. Fm term dominates the dynamics of the piezoelectric (PZT) harvester with a certain frequency ωm and the excitation amplitude Um. A clear softening effect is observed as function of excitation frequency. Besides, the output power estimation is in good agreement with the experimental results. While the amplitude changes sinusoidal, velocity of the pendulum tip especially includes a number of different high frequency components with growing amplitudes. The periodic excitation causes ripples at the maximal and minimal values of velocity. Excitation frequency ωm, which differs from the natural frequency ω0 causes much complex velocity data with high frequency components. The averaged power P = 79 μW can be obtained and power increases dramatically when the harvester is excited at the natural frequency.

The effect of periodic magnetic force on a piezoelectric energy harvester

This paper explores the relation of the nonlinearities of displacement and velocity dynamics with the power of a piezoelectric pendulum under a periodic magnetic excitation. Initially, the theoretical formulation including the mechanical, magnetic and electrical terms is realized. Then a simulation study has been done by using the theoretical formulation based on the experimental parameters. Then, a detailed experimental survey has been carried out for some representative system parameters. Results of simulation based on the proposed model are presented and compared with the experimental results. It is observed that the periodic magnetic flux can cause different responses from regular dynamics to chaotic one. Phase space constructions, Poincare sections and FFTs are determined on parameter sets including the excitation frequency f and amplitude U c of electromagnet. It is proven that the periodic magnetic flux exerts high frequency velocity fluctuations nearby the minimal and maximal values. While the displacement of the tip exhibits a harmonic fluctuation, FFTs prove the high frequency responses in addition to the main frequency. When f differs from the natural frequency of the system f 0 , the responses become chaotic. It is proven that lower and higher frequency fluctuations in displacement and velocity, which are different from f 0 decrease the electrical power harvested by the piezoelectric pendulum. However, in the case of rms values of displacement/velocity, the harvested power is perfectly proportional to the rms values. Therefore, useful relations between power and rms values of displacement/velocity have been determined for the estimation of power output in such systems for the first time. The piezoelectric pendulum harvests much energy when f is closed to f 0 and the distance to the magnetic device should be closer in order to decrease the nonlinearities in displacement and velocity.

Explorations of displacement and velocity nonlinearities and their effects to power of a magnetically-excited piezoelectric pendulum

A newcontactless piezoelectric (PZT) wind energy harvester is constructed and a feasibility study on its power generationmechanism is carried out for a wireless weather station. The new harvester has a magnetic unit enabling to vibrate aPZT layer in a contactless manner. The poles of magnets are oriented in such a way that the tip of the layer is always repelled, when wind rotates the harvester shaft. Therefore the produced magnetic force exerts mechanical bucklings on the layer and this effect produces electricity. After one-year operation, it is clarified that an averaged power of 20 µW–60 µW can be obtained monthly for the feeding of the station. These results prove that 5 %–18 % of the consumed power of wireless station can be generated by the harvester depending on the wind regime in the region. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eee.20.10.8871

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Yunus Uzun

Papers

Design and implementation of a new contactless triple piezoelectrics wind energy harvester

The effect of periodic magnetic force on a piezoelectric energy harvester

Explorations of displacement and velocity nonlinearities and their effects to power of a magnetically-excited piezoelectric pendulum

Implementation of a New Contactless Piezoelectric Wind Energy Harvester to a Wireless Weather Station

Performance exploration of an energy harvester near the varying magnetic field of an operating induction motor