Trease and Evans' pharmacognosy

The last edition of Tietz's Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry appeared more than ten years ago and survives as a dated but valuable reference. The successor to Fundamentals, Textbook of Clinical Chemistry , follows an outline similar to the original text but adds many new subjects and updates older topics. This has resulted in a text that is 50% larger than its predecessor. Much of the newer material centers on interpretation and understanding of data and its limitations. For example, more than 200 pages (compared with 50 pages) are dedicated to an introductory section entitled "Acquisition, Management, and Application of Laboratory Data," covering the use of reference ranges, statistics, quality assurance, method evaluation, and computers. The remaining introductory chapters discuss general procedures, instrumentation, and automation. Unfortunately, the chapter that discusses current automated instrumentation already has been outdated by equipment evolution and could have been incorporated into the chapter about general instrumentation principles.

Textbook of Clinical Chemistry

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/365946.pdf

The use of plants in the traditional management of diabetes in Nigeria: pharmacological and toxicological considerations.

Indian medicinal plants used in the Ayurvedic traditional system to treat diabetes are a valuable source of novel anti-diabetic agents. Pancreatic α-amylase inhibitors offer an effective strategy to lower the levels of post-prandial hyperglycemia via control of starch breakdown. In this study, seventeen Indian medicinal plants with known hypoglycemic properties were subjected to sequential solvent extraction and tested for α-amylase inhibition, in order to assess and evaluate their inhibitory potential on PPA (porcine pancreatic α-amylase). Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the lead extracts was performed in order to determine the probable constituents. Analysis of the 126 extracts, obtained from 17 plants (Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f., Adansonia digitata L., Allium sativum L., Casia fistula L., Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don., Cinnamomum verum Persl., Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt., Linum usitatisumum L., Mangifera indica L., Morus alba L., Nerium oleander L., Ocimum tenuiflorum L., Piper nigrum L., Terminalia chebula Retz., Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers., Trigonella foenum-graceum L., Zingiber officinale Rosc.) for PPA inhibition was initially performed qualitatively by starch-iodine colour assay. The lead extracts were further quantified with respect to PPA inhibition using the chromogenic DNSA (3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid) method. Phytochemical constituents of the extracts exhibiting≥ 50% inhibition were analysed qualitatively as well as by GC-MS (Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry). Of the 126 extracts obtained from 17 plants, 17 extracts exhibited PPA inhibitory potential to varying degrees (10%-60.5%) while 4 extracts showed low inhibition ( 50%) was obtained with 3 isopropanol extracts. All these 3 extracts exhibited concentration dependent inhibition with IC50 values, viz., seeds of Linum usitatisumum (540 μgml-1), leaves of Morus alba (1440 μgml-1) and Ocimum tenuiflorum (8.9 μgml-1). Acarbose as the standard inhibitor exhibited an IC50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration)value of 10.2 μgml-1. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, saponins and steroids with the major phytoconstituents being identified by GC-MS. This study endorses the use of these plants for further studies to determine their potential for type 2 diabetes management. Results suggests that extracts of Linum usitatisumum, Morus alba and Ocimum tenuiflorum act effectively as PPA inhibitors leading to a reduction in starch hydrolysis and hence eventually to lowered glucose levels.

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Potent α-amylase inhibitory activity of Indian Ayurvedic medicinal plants

Dr. Henry, as director of a large laboratory specializing in clinical chemistry, is in a unique position for acquiring a personal familiarity with a wide variety of chemical methods. Surveying the literature of clinical chemistry, evaluating hundreds of published methods, and selecting that small fraction of material which can be included in a book certainly constitute an impressive task. Not since publication of Peters and Van Slyke's classic Quantitative Clinical Chemistry has anyone been courageous enough to undertake this project, and Dr. Henry has succeeded remarkably well. The first chapters of the book cover basic principles of analytical methods such as colorimetry, spectrophotometry, and flame photometry. The remaining chapters deal with analytical methods for specific substances, and for each substance one or two methods are given in sufficient detail to permit use of the book as a laboratory manual. No attempt is made to include methods such as gas chromatography

Clinical Chemistry: Principles and Technics

Summary: Evaluation of hypoglycemic activity of methanolic stem bark extract of Adansonnia digitata in Wistar rats has been  investigated. Antidiabetic potentials of the plant extract at the doses of 100,200 and 400 mg/kg intraperitoneally administered on Streptozocin diabetes Wistar rats. Treatment of streptozocin diabetic Wistar rats with the extract caused a significant (P<0.05) reduction in the blood glucose levels when compared with control. The dose of 100mg/kg shown a significant decreased (p<0.05) after 1, 3 5 and 7 hours of extract administration when compared to control normal saline. Also the dose of 200 mg/kg shown a significant decreased (p<0.05) after 3, 5 and 7 hours of extract administration. The dose of 400 mg/kg also shown a significant decreased( p<0.05) after 5 and 7 hours of extract administration when compared to control normal saline. The highest activity resides at the dose of 100 mg/kg with percentage glycemic change of 51 % after 7 hours of extract administration while the other two doses 200 and 400 mg/kg have glycemic change of 39% and 31% respectively after 7 hours of extract administration. The phytochemical screening revealed the presences of tannins, carbohydrate, terpenes, saponins, flavonoids and alkaloids. The median lethal dose ( LD 50 ) in mice was calculated to be 1264.9 mg/kg bodyweight. This result suggests that the methanolic stem bark of Adansonnia digitata possess antidiabetic effect on streptozocin induced diabetic Wistar rats. Industrial relevance : The herbal medicines are getting more importance in the treatment of diabetes and others ailments because of the hazardous adverse effect of the current therapy used to treat those ailments using synthetic drugs. Herbal medicine is free from side effects and less costly when compared to the synthetic hypoglycemic agents. The present study will help the industry to produce herbal drug with less side effect, less costly affordable and more effective in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. In vivo models were utilized to test the antidiabetes activity and important to optimized the dose in the herbal formulation. Finally the phytochemical screening or elucidation of the bioactive compounds from the plant would be effective drug against diabetes mellitus.

Hypoglycemic Activity of Methanolic Stem Bark of Adansonnia digitata Extract on Blood Glucose Levels of Streptozocin-Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats

The hypoglycemic effects of aqueous leaves extract of Ocimum gratisimum was investigated in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. A single administration of the extract at the doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight was done. The aqueous extract at the dose of 500 mg/kg significantly lowered blood glucose level (P<0.05) of the diabetic rats by 81.3% after 24 h of extract administration. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of reducing sugars, cardiac glycosides, resin, tannins, saponins, glycosides, flavonoids, glycerin and steroids. The median lethal dose (LD50) in rats was calculated to be 1264.9 mg/kg body weight. In conclusion, the leaves extract of O. gratissmm possess antidiabetic in streptozocin-induced in diabetic rats.

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Effects of aqueous leaves extract of Ocimum gratissimum on blood glucose levels of streptozocin- induced diabetic wistar rats

Ligand field and Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters of samarium doped tellurite glass

Trivalent rare earth doped glasses with modified spectroscopic features are essential for solid state lasers and diverse photonic applications. Glass composition optimisation may fulfil such demand. Stimulating the spectral properties of samarium (Sm3+) ions in tellurite glass host with desired enhancement is the key issue. Glasses with composition (80 − x)TeO2–20ZnO–(x)Sm2O3, where 0 ⩽ x ⩽ 1.5 mol% are prepared using melt quenching method. The role of varying Sm3+ contents to improving the absorption and emission properties of the prepared glasses are determined. XRD pattern verifies amorphous nature of synthesised glasses. FTIR spectroscopy has been used to observe the structural modification of (TeO4) trigonal bipyramid structural units. DTA traces display prominent transition peaks for glass transition, crystallisation and melting temperature. Samples are discerned to be stable with desired Hruby parameter and superior glass forming ability. The UV–Vis–NIR absorption spectra reveals nine peaks centred at 470, 548, 947, 1085, 1238, 1385, 1492, 1550 and 1589 nm. These bands arise due to 6H5/2 → 4I11/2, 4G5/2, 6F11/2, 6F9/2, 6F7/2, 6F5/2, 6F3/2, 6H15/2 and 6F1/2 transitions, respectively. The direct, indirect band gap and Urbach energy calculated from the absorption edge of UV–Vis–NIR spectra are found to appear within (2.75–3.18) eV, (3.22–3.40) eV, and (0.20–0.31) eV, respectively. The observed increase in refractive index from 2.45 to 2.47 is ascribed to the generation of non-bridging oxygen atoms via the conversion of TeO4 into TeO3 units. Conversely the decrease in refractive index to 2.39 is attributed to the lower ionic radii (1.079 A) of Sm3+. PL spectra under the excitation of 452 nm display four emission bands centred at 563, 600, 644 and 705 nm corresponding to 4G5/2 → 6H5/2, 6H7/2, 6H9/2 and 6H11/2 transitions of samarium ions. Excellent features of the results nominate these compositions towards prospective applications.

Prominent spectral features of Sm3+ ion in disordered zinc tellurite glass

The ethanol extracts of Syzygium aromaticum flower bud were tested for anti-nociceptive and antiinflammatory effects in mice and Wistar rats which were carried out using acetic acid-induced abdominal contractions in mice and formalin-induced hind paw edema in Wistar rats. Three doses of the ethanol extract (50, 100, and 200mg/kg body weight i.p.) were used for both studies. The extract had an LD50 of 565.7 mg/kg body
weight intraperitoneally in mice. The extracts produced significant effect (P Keywords : Syzygium aromaticum flower bud, anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive; Anti-Inflammatory; Acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction. Afr. Jnl of Trad Comp Alt medicine Vol. 5 (2) 2008: pp. 209-212

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Yusuf Tanko

Papers

Hypoglycemic Activity of Methanolic Stem Bark of Adansonnia digitata Extract on Blood Glucose Levels of Streptozocin-Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats

Effects of aqueous leaves extract of Ocimum gratissimum on blood glucose levels of streptozocin- induced diabetic wistar rats

Ligand field and Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters of samarium doped tellurite glass

Prominent spectral features of Sm3+ ion in disordered zinc tellurite glass

Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extract of syzygium aromaticum flower bud in wistar rats and mice