This paper presents a comprehensive review and assessment of the latest research and advancement of electric vehicles (EVs) interaction with smart grid portraying the future electric power system model. The concept goal of the smart grid along with the future deployment of the EVs puts forward various challenges in terms of electric grid infrastructure, communication and control. Following an intensive review on advanced smart metering and communication infrastructures, the strategy for integrating the EVs into the electric grid is presented. Various EV smart charging technologies are also extensively examined with the perspective of their potential, impacts and limitations under the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) phenomenon. Moreover, the high penetration of renewable energy sources (wind and photovoltaic solar) is soaring up into the power system. However, their intermittent power output poses different challenges on the planning, operation and control of the power system networks. On the other hand, the deployment of EVs in the energy market can compensate for the fluctuations of the electric grid. In this context, a literature review on the integration of the renewable energy and the latest feasible solution using EVs with the insight of the promising research gap to be covered up are investigated. Furthermore, the feasibility of the smart V2G system is thoroughly discussed. In this paper, the EVs interactions with the smart grid as the future energy system model are extensively discussed and research gap is revealed for the possible solutions.

Electric vehicles and smart grid interaction: A review on vehicle to grid and renewable energy sources integration

Electrifying transportation is a promising approach to alleviate the climate change issue. The adoption of electric vehicle into market has introduced significant impacts on various fields, especially the power grid. Various policies have been implemented to foster the electric vehicle deployment and the increasing trend of electric vehicle adoption in the recent years has been satisfying. The continual development of electric vehicle power train, battery and charger technologies have further improved the electric vehicle technologies for wider uptake. Despite the environmental and economical benefits, electric vehicles charging introduce negative impacts on the existing network operation. Appropriate charging management strategies can be implemented to cater for this issue. Furthermore, electric vehicle integration in the smart grid can bring many potential opportunities, especially from the perspective of vehicle-to-grid technology and as the solution for the renewable energy intermittency issue. This paper reviews the latest development in electric vehicle technologies, impacts of electric vehicle roll out and opportunities brought by electric vehicle deployment.

A review on the state-of-the-art technologies of electric vehicle, its impacts and prospects

Despite the economic and environmental advantages of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), the increased utilization of PHEVs brings up new concerns for power distribution system decision makers. Impacts of PHEVs on distribution networks, although have been proven to be noticeable, have not been thoroughly investigated for future years. In this paper, a comprehensive model is proposed to study the PHEV impacts on residential distribution systems. In so doing, PHEV fundamental characteristics, i.e., PHEV battery capacity, PHEV state of charge (SOC), and PHEV energy consumption in daily trips, are accurately modeled. As some of these effective characteristics depend on vehicle owner's behavior, their behavior and interests are considered in the proposed model. Also, to get a more practical model of PHEVs, the number of vehicles in a residential distribution network, the PHEV penetration level for upcoming years, distribution of PHEVs in the network, and estimation of household load growth for upcoming years are extracted from related published reports. The proposed model is applied to the IEEE 34-node test feeder, and PHEV impacts on residential distribution network are studied in different time horizons. A sensitivity analysis is also performed to demonstrate the effects of PHEV operation modes on the network load profile.

Investigating the Impacts of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles on Power Distribution Systems

Impact analysis of vehicle-to-grid technology and charging strategies of electric vehicles on distribution networks – A review

Simultaneous allocation of electric vehicles’ parking lots and distributed renewable resources in smart power distribution networks

Greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution in urban areas, and dependence on fossil fuels are among the challenges threatening the sustainable development of the transportation sector. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) technology is one of the most promising solutions to tackle the situation. While PHEVs partially rely on electricity from the power grid, they raise concerns about their negative impacts on power generation, transmission, and distribution installations. On the other hand, they have the potential to be used as a distributed energy storage system for the grid. Therefore, they can pave the way for a more sustainable power grid in which renewable resources are widely employed. Positive and negative impacts of PHEVs on the power grid cannot be thoroughly examined unless extensive data on the utilization of each individual PHEV are available. For instance, in order to estimate the aggregated impact of PHEVs on the electricity demand profile, one needs to know 1) when each PHEV would begin its charging process, 2) how much electrical energy it would require, and 3) how much power would be needed. This paper extracts and analyzes the data that are available through national household travel surveys (NHTS). Three charging scenarios are considered in order to obtain various PHEV charging load profiles (PCLPs). Further, the characteristics of each developed PCLP are studied. Finally, the effects of three suggested policies on the derived PCLPs are examined.

Aggregated Impact of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles on Electricity Demand Profile

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles seem to be a viable solution to improve the fuel economy of personal transportation. At the same time, they will have a significant impact on the power grid. In order for the electric power infrastructure to be well-prepared for the challenges of vehicle to grid interactions, one needs to know the electricity demand profile of plug-in vehicles. There are various levels of uncertainty associated with this issue. For example, arrival time, daily miles driven, energy storage capacity, charging rate, and the total number of plug-in vehicles need to be accurately estimated. This chapter uses the National Household Travel Survey to extract such data. Once the method to extract the electricity demand profile of plug-in vehicles is set up, it is easier to study the impact of coordinated charging through charging policies and incentives. Another advantage of extracting the electricity demand profile of plug-in vehicle is that it can be easily used to determine the impact of such vehicles on the upstream pollutions of power plants.

Impact of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles on Electricity Demand Profile

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have established themselves as achievable, near-term technology options capable of competing with internal combustion engine vehicles. The key concern regards the sufficiency and viability of the power infrastructure with large-scale PHEV integration. Increasing the number of PHEVs causes the power grid to run at a high risk level. The approach proposed in this paper carries out the reliability evaluation of existing power system infrastructures at various PHEV penetration levels. Reliability indices, as quantitative parameters, can be interpreted easily to penalty costs for interruption and energy not supplied. In this paper, various PHEV penetration levels are simulated, and reliability indices are calculated to evaluate the impact of PHEVs on the reliability of power systems. The results show that the existing power system infrastructure is not robust enough for higher penetration levels.

Reliability assessment of power systems considering the large-scale PHEV integration

This paper describes the development of a discrete-event simulation framework that emulates the interactions between the power grid and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and examines whether the capacity of the existing power system can meet the PHEV load demand. The probability distribution functions for the arrival time and energy demand of each vehicle are extracted from real-world statistical transportation data. The power grid's limited generation and transmission capacities are considered to be the major constraints. Therefore, vehicles may have to wait to receive any charge. The proposed simulation framework is justified and described in some detail in applying it to two real cases in the United States to determine certain regions' grid potential to support PHEVs. Both Level-1 and -2 charging are considered.

An Event-Based Simulation Framework to Examine the Response of Power Grid to the Charging Demand of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) technology is one of the most promising solutions for reducing petroleum consumption. A PHEV can be recharged through a plug connected to the electric power grid. Therefore, PHEVs increase the load of the electric power grid. Consequently, there are concerns about their negative impact on power generation, transmission, and distribution installations. PHEV charging load profile (PCLP) is an approach to examine the aggregated impact of PHEVs on the power grid; however developing a PCLP requires some basic data which is not easily available. This paper focuses on the information required for generating a PCLP and proposes answers to three key questions i) when does each vehicle begin to be charged, ii) how much energy is required to charge it, and iii) what level of charge is available. The data obtained from transportation surveys, as sources for the information on vehicles and trips characteristics, are used in this work to extract applicable information which leads to the development of a PCLP.

Zahra Darabi

Papers

Aggregated Impact of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles on Electricity Demand Profile

Impact of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles on Electricity Demand Profile

Reliability assessment of power systems considering the large-scale PHEV integration

An Event-Based Simulation Framework to Examine the Response of Power Grid to the Charging Demand of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles: Charging load profile extraction based on transportation data