Topology control in a sensor network balances load on sensor nodes and increases network scalability and lifetime. Clustering sensor nodes is an effective topology control approach. We propose a novel distributed clustering approach for long-lived ad hoc sensor networks. Our proposed approach does not make any assumptions about the presence of infrastructure or about node capabilities, other than the availability of multiple power levels in sensor nodes. We present a protocol, HEED (Hybrid Energy-Efficient Distributed clustering), that periodically selects cluster heads according to a hybrid of the node residual energy and a secondary parameter, such as node proximity to its neighbors or node degree. HEED terminates in O(1) iterations, incurs low message overhead, and achieves fairly uniform cluster head distribution across the network. We prove that, with appropriate bounds on node density and intracluster and intercluster transmission ranges, HEED can asymptotically almost surely guarantee connectivity of clustered networks. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed approach is effective in prolonging the network lifetime and supporting scalable data aggregation.

/pdf/heed-a-hybrid-energy-efficient-distributed-clustering-4c3cjgsfv9.pdf

HEED: a hybrid, energy-efficient, distributed clustering approach for ad hoc sensor networks

Thank you for downloading design of analog cmos integrated circuits. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have look hundreds times for their chosen books like this design of analog cmos integrated circuits, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some harmful virus inside their computer. design of analog cmos integrated circuits is available in our book collection an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our digital library spans in multiple countries, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Kindly say, the design of analog cmos integrated circuits is universally compatible with any devices to read.

Design Of Analog Cmos Integrated Circuits

Fluorescently marked targets bind to a substrate 230 synthesized with polymer sequences at known locations. The targets are detected by exposing selected regions of the substrate 230 to light from a light source 100 and detecting the photons from the light fluoresced therefrom, and repeating the steps of exposure and detection until the substrate 230 is completely examined. The resulting data can be used to determine binding affinity of the targets to specific polymer sequences.

Method and apparatus for detection of fluorescently labeled materials

Yair Censor and Stavros A. Zenios, Oxford University Press, New York, 1997, 539 pp., ISBN 0-19-510062-X, $85.00

Parallel Optimization: Theory, Algorithms and Applications

Unconventional, special-purpose machines may aid in accelerating the solution of some of the hardest problems in computing, such as large-scale combinatorial optimizations, by exploiting different operating mechanisms than those of standard digital computers. We present a scalable optical processor with electronic feedback that can be realized at large scale with room-temperature technology. Our prototype machine is able to find exact solutions of, or sample good approximate solutions to, a variety of hard instances of Ising problems with up to 100 spins and 10,000 spin-spin connections.

/pdf/a-fully-programmable-100-spin-coherent-ising-machine-with-inaxlu4ff3.pdf

A fully programmable 100-spin coherent Ising machine with all-to-all connections

Data hiding in media, including images, video, and audio, and in data files is currently of great interest both commercially, mainly for the protection of copyrighted digital media, and to the government and law enforcement in the context of information system security and covert communications. We present a technique for inserting and recovering "hidden" data in audio files. The phase of chosen components of the host audio signal is manipulated in a way that may be detected by a receiver with the proper "key". Without the key, the hidden data is undetectable, both aurally and via blind digital signal processing attacks. The method described is both aurally transparent and robust and can be applied to both analog and digital audio signals, the latter including uncompressed as well as compressed audio file formats such as MP3.

Data hiding via phase manipulation of audio signals

We present a direct-to-digital capacitive sensor readout circuit that converts capacitance changes of a sensor element to changes of the duty cycle of a square-wave oscillator, which, in turn, is converted to a digital output by a counter. The readout circuit resembles a single-slope analog-to-digital converter structure. There are several advantages of this readout scheme. First, due to its simplicity and low number of components, the power consumption of the circuit is expected to be significantly smaller than in similar digital readout designs. Furthermore, linearization of the output may be achieved using an EEPROM lookup table. Another advantage is the possibility of performing adaptive measurements where the sensor resolution and bandwidth may be changed via the readout circuit software. Finally, we present a theory of the adaptive measurement and an analysis of the design tradeoffs. The capacitance-to-duty cycle readout circuit may achieve large bandwidth and high resolution in a modern low-voltage, low-power CMOS implementation. The performance of a prototype readout circuit built from discrete components is 13-bit effective resolution with a 1-kHz bandwidth.

An interface circuit for measuring capacitance changes based upon capacitance-to-duty cycle (CDC) converter

The present study applies an allostatic load framework to an examination of the relationship between maternal psychosocial risk factors and maladaptive parenting behaviors. Specifically, the implications of low socioeconomic status and maternal depressive symptoms for maternal sympathovagal functioning during young children's distress were examined, as well as whether that functioning was, in turn, associated with maternal insensitivity, hostility, intrusiveness, and disengagement during mother-child dyadic interaction. Consistent with an allostatic framework, three patterns of sympathovagal functioning were expected to emerge: normative arousal, hyperarousal, and hypoarousal profiles. Furthermore, meaningful associations between maternal psychosocial risk factors, maladaptive parenting behaviors, and the three profiles of sympathovagal functioning were anticipated. Participants included 153 mother-toddler dyads recruited proportionately from lower and middle socioeconomic status backgrounds. Mothers' sympathovagal response to their child's distress was assessed during the Strange Situation paradigm, and mothers' parenting behavior was assessed during a dyadic free-play interaction. As hypothesized, normative arousal, hyperarousal, and hypoarousal profiles of maternal sympathovagal functioning were identified. Maternal depressive symptomatology predicted the hyperarousal profile, whereas socioeconomic adversity predicted hypoarousal. Moreover, allostatic load profiles were differentially associated with problematic parenting behaviors. These findings underscore the role of physiological dysregulation as a mechanism in the relationship between proximal risk factors and actual maladaptive parenting behaviors.

/pdf/the-impact-of-allostatic-load-on-maternal-sympathovagal-zxgsgbb3rt.pdf

The impact of allostatic load on maternal sympathovagal functioning in stressful child contexts: implications for problematic parenting.

Methods and apparatus for producing a CMOS image sensor result in: a glass or glass ceramic substrate having first and second spaced-apart surfaces; a semiconductor layer disposed on the first surface of the glass or glass ceramic substrate; and a plurality of pixel structures formed in the semiconductor layer, each pixel structure including: at least first, second, and third semiconductor islands, each island operating as a color sensitive photo-detector and each being of a different thickness such that each is sensitive to a respective range of light wavelengths, and a fourth semiconductor island on which at least one transistor is disposed, the at least one transistor operating to at least one of buffer, select, and reset one or more of the photo-detectors.

Cmos image sensor on a semiconductor-on-insulator substrate and process for making same

We present a theoretical analysis, design, and experimental characterization of a CMOS image sensor with pixel-level ΣΔ oversampling analog-to-digital conversion (ADC). The design employs five transistors per-pixel to implement a charge-based ΣΔ ADC at each pixel. In the current design a dynamic regenerative latch comparator is divided into an input transistor, which is contained within each pixel, and the remaining comparator structure shared among the pixels of each column. A charge feedback digital-to-analog converter (DAC) is implemented at each pixel with a three-transistor structure. As opposed to more traditional CMOS image sensors, this image sensor architecture is suitable for implementations in advanced low supply voltage CMOS technologies since its dynamic range is not affected by the reduction of the pixel reset voltage. In addition, similar to the readout methods in low power random access memory designs, this pixel readout architecture does not employ any active amplifiers which allows for low static power operation. Experimental characterization of a prototype fabricated in a 0.35 μm silicided CMOS technology is presented. The estimated power consumption of the fully integrated 128 × 128 imager including decimation filters and I/O interface is 60 nW/pixel at 30 frames per second for 8-bits per-pixel. A peak signal-to-noise ratio of 52 dB and intra-scene dynamic range of 74 dB were measured. The dynamic range was extended to 91 dB through control of the in-pixel DAC supply voltage over the range of 0.8 V-3.3 V.

Zeljko Ignjatovic

Papers

Data hiding via phase manipulation of audio signals

An interface circuit for measuring capacitance changes based upon capacitance-to-duty cycle (CDC) converter

The impact of allostatic load on maternal sympathovagal functioning in stressful child contexts: implications for problematic parenting.

Cmos image sensor on a semiconductor-on-insulator substrate and process for making same

Low Power, High Dynamic Range CMOS Image Sensor Employing Pixel-Level Oversampling $\Sigma\Delta$ Analog-to-Digital Conversion