Advanced techniques have shown an effective approach to reducing nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from biodiesel-fueled engines. The primary concern is higher NOx emissions using biodiesel due to its different physio-chemical fuel properties and higher in-cylinder combustion temperatures than diesel. This study aims to scrutinize the existing literature on NOx forming origins from biodiesel and present the state-of-the-art literature on reduction technologies, identify research gaps and introduce further developments to the research opportunities. Accordingly, the present review has organized the technologies into three categories: pre-combustion, combustion, and post-combustion techniques. In addition, the pros and cons of each technique are presented by identifying their role using combustion characteristics. The study identifies that ignition delay and combustion duration are the major factors to consider in reducing NOx emissions. Applying innovative tactics to modify the fuel, chamber, and injection parameters prolongs the ignition delay and combustion duration, thereby reducing NOx emissions. Furthermore, exhaust gas after-treatment systems with novel catalytic convertors have shown a strong capability of reducing NOx emissions. The findings also indicate significant reductions in NOx emissions from biodiesel with provided technologies; however, a clear roadmap is needed to integrate these technologies for sustainable application. The study concludes that emulsion techniques, low-temperature combustion strategies, retarded injection timing, and exhaust gas after treatment have shown significant NOx reduction through reduced peak temperature rates. The study recommends further investigation on reactive controlled combustion techniques as they directly impact NOx emission, and their results comparisons will give a clear understanding for deriving better commercial options. 

Advanced strategies to reduce harmful nitrogen-oxide emissions from biodiesel fueled engine

This paper considers the performance improvement of an artificial ventilator machine in controlling breathing rate actively during the inspiratory cycle and passively in expiratory cycle Respiratory issues pose a great threat to mankind and may lead to immediate death if proper intervention is not made Artificial ventilator machine acts like a magic wand which revives a person by spontaneous breathing, reducing the work load of the respiratory muscles For this purpose, Iterative Learning Control (ILC) can be applied to control the volumetric flow rate of a ventilator machine As a medical device demands high performance, so ILC alone may not give desired output Hence a feedback PID controller along with ILC is proposed to improve the control effort and track the error performance of the ventilator Simulation results are obtained and presented for illustration

Improved Performance of Flow rate Tracking in a Ventilator using Iterative Learning Control

As a manufactured fuel, hydrogen can be produced in a decentralized way in most countries around the world. This means, even in a net zero economy, the global trade of hydrogen could look quite different to the current international trade in fossil fuels, including natural gas. With further declines in the costs of renewable electricity and electrolyzers, regions which have lower cost renewable electricity may develop an economic advantage in the production of low-cost hydrogen, but for hydrogen to become a globally traded commodity, the cost of imports needs to be lower than the cost of domestic production. Unlike oil or natural gas, transporting hydrogen over long distances is not an easy task. Hydrogen liquefaction is an extremely energy-intensive process, while maintaining the low temperature required for long-distance transportation and storage purposes results in additional energy losses and accompanying costs. The upside is that hydrogen can be converted into multiple carriers that have a higher energy density and higher transport capacity and can potentially be cheaper to transport over long distances. Among the substances currently identified as potential hydrogen carriers suitable for marine shipping, liquid ammonia, the so-called ‘liquid organic hydrogen carriers’ in general (toluene-methylcyclohexane (MCH) in particular), and methanol have received the most attention in recent years. This paper compares the key techno-economic characteristics of these potential carriers with that of liquified hydrogen in order to develop a better understanding of the ways in which hydrogen could be transported overseas in an efficient manner. The paper also discusses other factors, beyond techno-economic features, that may affect the choice of optimum hydrogen carrier for long distance transport, as well as the global trade, of hydrogen.

Global trade of hydrogen: what is the best way to transfer hydrogen over long distances?

Describe a whole design and modeling on how to carry out the simulation of computer hardware circuit based on Matlab/Simulink. In particular, we proposed the total design of the system including the structural frame and the interfacial design. Moreover, we also introduce the principle of the simulation and how to implement subsystem of the example about "Data path" based on Matlab/Simulink and the result of this subsystem. Transferring the Module Library of simulink creates the simulation of hardware circuit, by deleting redundant pins and simplifying complicate lines of each chip. It stands out the high efficiency and veracity by using simulink.

The Simulation of Computer Hardware Circuit Based on Matlab/Simulink

Butanol-gasoline blends impact on performance and exhaust emissions of a four stroke spark ignition engine

This paper proposes a revised variation disturbance method to provide valuable information and reference for fuel design or optimization of internal combustion engines to realize the comprehensive and quantitative evaluation of the effects of blending agents on the combustion performance of primary fuels. In this method, methanol and ethanol are blended into gasoline to form six kinds of alcohol–gasoline (E10, E20, E30, M10, M20, and M30). Then, the ignition delay, adiabatic flame temperature, component concentration, fuel-burning rate, extinction strain rate, and CO emission of gasoline and alcohol–gasoline are studied by system simulation in a wide range of operating conditions. Based on the new variation disturbance method, the effects of methanol and ethanol on the combustion performance of gasoline are next analyzed globally and characterized quantitatively. The comprehensive results of ethanol and methanol on the gasoline’s combustion are visually presented. The method proposed in this paper is preliminarily validated based on the analysis of the microscopic mechanism of combustion. The results show that the blending of ethanol and methanol has positive effects on gasoline combustion, and ethanol can rapidly ignite the gasoline in a wide range of operating conditions and is superior to methanol in terms of fuel combustion, stability, and pollutant discharge. Based on the treatment of simulated values of six combustion characteristics selected in this paper and the calculations of the variation disturbance method, the total disturbance values of ethanol and methanol to gasoline combustion are obtained as 0.8493 and 0.2605, respectively. That is, ethanol has a more significant effect on improving the combustion performance of gasoline than methanol. In addition, based on the analysis results of the combustion, it is found that the blending of ethanol enlarges the reaction of notable components in gasoline. This finding also proves the effectiveness and validity of the scientific method utilized in this paper.

Effects of Ethanol and Methanol on the Combustion Characteristics of Gasoline with the Revised Variation Disturbance Method

Aero-engine guide vane angle regulator digital electronic control system performance and reliability of the engine's normal work is very important. In order to obtain optimum engine performance, improve flight reliability, and to ensure the stability of the compressor work is proposed based on iterative learning PID controller, the algorithm uses iterative learning control for desired trajectory tracking control. The aero-engine guide vane control system model is created under AMESim software and the iterative learning controller model is builded in Matlab/Simulink. Simulation results show that the designed controller can achieve the guide vane angle actuator displacement regulator of rapid, accurate track, indicating that the controller design method is feasible and effective.

Aero-Engine Guide Vane Angle Regulator Iterative Learning Control Method

With the rapid development of new technologies and new industries, the demand for emerging engineering talents is becoming more and more urgent. The core of emerging engineering construction lies in strengthening emerging engineering education and cultivating diversified and high-quality engineering talents. Centering on the emerging engineering strategy and innovative development needs, and integrating the requirements of Engineering Education Accreditation, The Unmanned Aircraft system Engineering specialty of Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics is taken as an example, under the background of emerging engineering, training objectives of specialty, construction ideas of curriculum system, structure of curriculum system, the full coverage of the curriculum system for graduation requirements, and the support for the ability training of complex engineering problems are discussed. The curriculum system structure that strengthens the characteristics of autonomous flight control and focuses on the ability training of solving complex engineering problems is constructed. It creates conditions for cultivating talents with emerging engineering characteristics, and has certain reference significance for the construction of the curriculum system of other aerospace majors.

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Research and Practice on Curriculum System of Unmanned Aircraft system Engineering Under the Background of Emerging Engineering Education

This paper compares the combustion behavior and emission of a turbocharged compression ignition engine fueled with biodiesel BD100, dimethyl ether DME100, low-proportioned biodiesel blends BD30, and medium-proportioned biodiesel blends BD50. The impacts of biodiesel ratio and nozzle diameter on combustion and emissions characteristics were determined. The findings show that BD100 with a nozzle 6 × 0.24 mm has the highest value of maximum pressure, maximum pressure rise rate, maximum heat release rate, and NOx emissions. DME100 with a nozzle of 6 × 0.40 mm has the lowest values. CO emissions and HC emissions of BD100 with a nozzle 6 × 0.24 mm and DME100 with nozzles 6 × 0.40 mm and 6 × 0.35 mm gradually decrease. Among biodiesel blends, BD30 and BD50 with two types of nozzles, BD30 with a nozzle 6 × 0.40 mm has the lowest value of maximum pressure, maximum pressure rise rate, NOx emissions, and soot emissions. Compared with BD50, BD30 with nozzles 6 × 0.35 mm and 6 × 0.40 mm has lower CO emissions, HC emissions, and smoke emissions.

Effects of biodiesel ratio and nozzle diameter on combustion and emissions of a biodiesel–DME-fueled engine

For purpose of achieving the desired thermal comfort level and reducing the economic cost of maintaining the thermal comfort of green residential building, an energy efficient thermal comfort control strategy based on economic model predictive control (EMPC) for green residential buildings which adopts household heat metering is presented. Firstly, the nonlinear thermal comfort model of heating room is analyzed and obtained. A practical nonlinear thermal comfort prediction model is obtained by using an approximation method. Then, the economic cost function and optimization problem of energy-saving under the necessary thermal comfort requirements are constructed to realize the optimal economic performance of the dynamic process. The energy efficient thermal comfort MPC (EETCMPC) is designed. Finally, the comparison and analysis between EETCMPC and Double-layer Model Predictive Control (DMPC) is simulated. The simulation results reveal that when the clothing insulation is typical, the energy efficiency of EETCMPC is 8.9% and 11.6%, respectively, in the two simulation scenarios. When the clothing insulation varies with temperature, the energy efficiency of EETCMPC is 7.29% and 9.15%, respectively, and the total energy consumption is reduced by about 1.65% and 14.6%, respectively, compared with the typical clothing insulation. The economic performance is improved in the thermal comfort dynamic process of heating room. 

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ZHenghe Wang

Papers

Effects of Ethanol and Methanol on the Combustion Characteristics of Gasoline with the Revised Variation Disturbance Method

Aero-Engine Guide Vane Angle Regulator Iterative Learning Control Method

Research and Practice on Curriculum System of Unmanned Aircraft system Engineering Under the Background of Emerging Engineering Education

Effects of biodiesel ratio and nozzle diameter on combustion and emissions of a biodiesel–DME-fueled engine

Energy Efficient Thermal Comfort Control for Residential Building Based on Nonlinear EMPC