Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Despite preventive efforts, early detection of atherosclerosis, the common pathophysiological mechanism underlying cardiovascular diseases remains elusive, and overt coronary artery disease or myocardial infarction is often the first clinical manifestation. Nanoparticles represent a novel strategy for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of atherosclerosis, and new multifunctional nanoparticles with combined diagnostic and therapeutic capacities hold the promise for theranostic approaches to this disease. This review focuses on the development of nanosystems for therapy and diagnosis of subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and myocardial infarction and the evolution of nanosystems as theranostic tools. We also discuss the use of nanoparticles in noninvasive imaging, targeted drug delivery, photothermal therapies together with the challenges faced by nanosystems during clinical translation.

Nanoparticles for diagnosis and therapy of atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction: evolution toward prospective theranostic approaches.

Simple, low-cost, sensitive and label-free aptasensor for the detection of cardiac troponin I based on a gold nanoparticles modified titanium foil

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the number one cause of death globally. Therefore, a sensitive and affordable point-of-care sensing device is needed for the diagnosis and monitoring of diseases. Herein, we demonstrated an electrochemical paper-based analytical device (ePAD) coupled with a label-free immunoassay for simultaneous determination of three important CVDs biomarkers including C-reactive protein (CRP), troponin I (cTnI), and procalcitonin (PCT). The ePAD was created by stacking a wax-patterned paper and a transparency film using laser-cut double-sided adhesive to define the sample inlet, three separate detection zones for each analyte, and fluidic channels that connect the inlet and detection zones. Antibodies to the target biomarkers were immobilized on graphene oxide (GO)-modified carbon electrodes stencil-printed on the ePAD. Concentrations of the CVDs biomarkers were determined by square wave voltammetry (SWV). A significant decrease in current response in a concentration-dependent manner was observed in the presence of the cardiac biomarkers while there was no observable change in current response in the absence of the biomarkers. Good linearity (R2 > 0.99), low detection limits (0.38 ng mL−1, 0.16 pg mL−1, and 0.27 pg mL−1 for CRP, cTnI, and PCT, respectively), and good reproducibility (RSD

Electrochemical paper-based analytical device for multiplexed, point-of-care detection of cardiovascular disease biomarkers

Multiplexed chemiluminescence determination of three acute myocardial infarction biomarkers based on microfluidic paper-based immunodevice dual amplified by multifunctionalized gold nanoparticles.

Measurement of cardiac troponin I in the blood is crucial for the early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Herein, a novel and ultrasensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunosensor has ...

Electrochemiluminescence Immunosensor Based on Au Nanocluster and Hybridization Chain Reaction Signal Amplification for Ultrasensitive Detection of Cardiac Troponin I

Zhenxian Zhou

Papers

Simultaneous detection of three biomarkers related to acute myocardial infarction based on immunosensing biochip.

Electrochemiluminescent detection of cardiac troponin I by using soybean peroxidase labeled-antibody as signal amplifier.