The use of zero-valent iron for groundwater remediation and wastewater treatment: a review.

Surface Chemistry of Ruthenium Dioxide in Heterogeneous Catalysis and Electrocatalysis: From Fundamental to Applied Research

Nitrate contamination in surface and ground waters is one of this century’s major engineering challenges due to negative environmental impacts and the risk to human health in drinking water. Electrochemical reduction is a promising water treatment technology to manage nitrate in drinking water. This critical review describes the fundamental principles necessary to understand electrochemical reduction technologies and how to apply them. The focus is on electrochemical nitrate reduction mechanisms and pathways that form undesirable products (nitrite, ammonium) or the more desirable product (dinitrogen). Factors influencing the conversion rates and selectivity of electrochemical nitrate reduction, such as electrode material and operating parameters, are also described. Finally, the applicability for treating drinking water matrices using electrochemical processes is analyzed, including existing implementation of commercial treatment systems. Overall, this critical review contributes to the understanding of the potential applications and constraints of electrochemical reduction to manage nitrate in drinking waters and highlights directions for future research required for implementation.

Electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate: Fundamentals to full-scale water treatment applications

Water is of fundamental importance for life on earth. The synthesis and structure of cell constituents and transport of nutrients into the cells as well as body metabolism depend on water. The contaminations present in water disturb the spontaneity of the mechanism and result in long/short-term diseases. The probable contaminations and their possible routes are discussed in the present review. Continued research efforts result in some processes/technologies to remove the contaminations from water. The review includes concepts and potentialities of the technologies in a comprehensible form. It also includes some meaningful hybrid technologies and promising awaited technologies in coming years.

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Drinking water contamination and treatment techniques

Zhenya Zhang

Papers

Efficient electrochemical reduction of nitrate to nitrogen using Ti/IrO2―Pt anode and different cathodes

Simultaneous reduction of nitrate and oxidation of by-products using electrochemical method.

Treatment of nitrate contaminated water using an electrochemical method.

Electrochemical degradation of phenol using electrodes of Ti/RuO2–Pt and Ti/IrO2–Pt

Electrochemical reduction of nitrate using various anodes and a Cu/Zn cathode